The formation of absolutism in Russian state
Контрольная работа - Юриспруденция, право, государство
Другие контрольные работы по предмету Юриспруденция, право, государство
ot.1722 were established strict rules of entry into the spiritual class from the nobility (only the youngest son of a nobleman on reaching 40 years).to the Decree of 1764 (February 26) was carried out the secularization of church and monastic lands, and the diocesan bishops and monasteries were transferred to regular salaries. As a result, more than 800 thousand peasant moved into the category of state.
Townsmen (urban inhabitants) -were the majority of the urban population and in accordance with the Deed to the rights and benefits of the cities of Russia from 1785 were divided into 6 categories (parts).
. These real people (have land and buildings in the city, bankers, etc.);2. Merchants in their turn were divided into three guilds (the first - with capital from 10 to 50 thousand rubles. The second - from 5 to 10 thousand rubles; the third - from 1 to 5 thousand rubles.)
. Artisans which were entered in guilds;
. Foreign visitors and foreign persons registered in the burgers;
. Eminent citizens.
. posadsky population, which were not included in the first 5 categories. The peasants formed the bulk of the dependent population and they were the primary productive force in society.peasants were divided into the following categories:
State farmers, whose numbers decreased significantly (especially under the Catherine II ruling), paid dues to the state and carried duties; - Serfs (privately owned) carried the obligations: the quit-rent (obrok) and corvee.
The monastery and church
Palace (the king's estates peasants);
Possessional (attributed to the factory);
Odnodvortsy (descendants of the servants, settled on the outskirts of the state).peasants paid a poll tax (introduced by Peter I in 1719), carried corvee and quit-rent, recruit, Postojna and mostovaya duties.called the impoverished peasants and townspeople. In the XVIII century, they represent an entire social group.
absolutism social reform state law
3.STATE APPARATUS
During the period of absolutism, a lot of attention was paid to strengthening the state apparatus. First, Peter I, Catherine II then, had carried a series of reforms, in the result of which was formed branched, highly centralized, bureaucratic state apparatus.
The Government Senate was created in 1711. Boyar Duma had ceased to exist. The Senate was the highest executive, administrative, judicial body, according toStatute of the Senate 1722. It was consisted from 9 people, which were appointed by Tsar. The Senate had had functions of the supreme state power in the case of absence of the monarch. The office of general prosecutor was established in the Senat as. He was an inspector the activities of the Senate, he could suspend the execution of the decisions of the Senate. The chief role of the Senate was to look over and guide the governments of eight provinces, which were divided for the efficiency of tax collection and levy of troops. However such relationship wasn't always smooth, so Peter wholly restructured the central government.I created colleges, government departments, to distribute the various tasks of the government. Each college was constituted of a board of men who checked on each other. With the establishment of colleges, the Senate assumed additional roles. It coordinated and checked the works of the colleges, acted as the supreme court, and drafted legislation. The office of Procurator of the Senate was also created to check the senators by presiding over their meetings and signing every decree.
During the reign of the Empress Catherine I, Senate lost power, and Supreme Privy Council, a body of six favorites led by Catherine, became influential. The Supreme Privy Council was at first retained for a while because it was part of the condition Empress Anna had to accept in order to have the throne. Though it seems like such council was a step toward a constitutional government, it actually was just a scheme to keep the influence of the council and the noble families dominating it. Most of the gentry wanted autocracy rather than the "self-perpetuating oligarchy". (11) With the pressure from the officials pushing Anna to reject the conditions, she tore them up, thereby disbanding the Supreme Privy Council. To replace the council, a cabinet was set up chiefly to keep the tax going to the federal treasury. When Elizabeth acceded, she restored the Senate. She dissolved the Cabinet that Anna established and instead, installed "Her Majesty's Chancery" to deal with the court functions. Also, Empress Elizabeth formed A Special Conference at the Imperial Court, which was created to coordinate the Russian attack on Prussia, but it was later abolished and replaced with a personal council by Peter III. It is easy to see how Russia impulsively destroyed and created administrative groups based on the situation and necessity of the moment. Stability and continuity were needed, and Catherine the Great is the Empress took the first steps necessary to achieve that.II gathered a national commission of elected delegates to think and debate about the new law code. Also she wrote a Nakaz, a set of instructions that dealt with principles which the enlightened state should abide by in various aspects of administration. Though she was pragmatic in making policies, such endeavors show that she based, or at least attempted to base, her administration on principles and common values. Catherine II didn't make fundamental changes in the central government. She abolished most of the colleges and transferred the duties to the Senate and to the procurator. They were only minor alterations.1708 Peter the Great passed a provincial reform, as a result of which Russia was divided into 8 provinces (gubernii), which were in turn subdivided into provincii and uezdy (districts).1775 by Catherine II was created the Statute of Provincial Administration, which changed the local control system. The country was devided into 23 provinces, and about 183 districts befor the reform. Catherine II took the population size as the base for country dividing. By this reform in each provinces should live from 300 to 400 thousand male persons and in each districts from 20 to 30 thousand. Initial number of provinces was 40 but later this number had grown to 51.II established a bureaucratic apparatus. The governer was the head of guberniia and he had quite wide powers.Peter I in Russia was established the police: general and political.the years 1720-21 was held municipal reform - created by a magistrate and in 1785 - the new local administration based on the class principle - general council, elected for 3 years.I made an attempt to separate the court from the administration for limiting judicial tyranny.1719 in 9 cities were established collegiate courts, and in other cities - a personal. After Peter I's death cases were settled by governors and voevods. The Statute of Provincial Administration had reformed the judicial system.
In the 1775 judicial reform was carried out on the class principle: for the nobles were created by the district (uezdnii) court and the court of zemstvo, for the townsmen - city magistrate and provincial magistrate; for the state peasants - the lower and upper raspravi.judged landlords by themselves or their clerks (except for murder, robbery and political crimes).the provinces were created Chambers of criminal and civil court as a court of appeal and revision instance for the courts the province.investigation in 1782 was removed from the functions of the judiciary and transferred to the police - upravam blagochinia., at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries in Russia was created an absolute monarchy. It received legalization in the relevant legal documents. With the emergence of an absolute monarchy has worsened the legal status of the general population, especially the peasantry.
4.THE MILITARY AND JUDICIAL REFORMS OF PETER I
the beginning of the XVIII century Russia was in an extremely unfavorable foreign environment. Russia was constantly threatened by Sweden, Poland and Turkey. England, Holland and France have taken the path of capitalist development, began the struggle for colonies and also threaten Russia.political situation in the country remained difficult because the final enslavement of the population threatened by social explosion. Under these conditions, especially the ruling class, were required guarantees the successful resolution of internal and external problems. The absolute monarchy was such State with a strong bureaucracy, army and navy.an army in the Russian history was connected with the name of Peter I.was carried out military reforms:
were eliminated Streltsy troops and nobles' levies;
-established new ways of manning the army and navy by officers and soldiers;
developed strong foundations of military service;
defined the legal status of soldiers and officers;
changed the organizational structure of the army;
reorganized military administration;
established a new order of material support of personnel;
changed teaching methods and education of the troops;
conducted rearmament of the army;
improved supply system.
Legalization of the regular army got in the Military regulations 1716 and the Maritime Statute 1720.first act was the decree of 8 November 1699 on a voluntary entry into the soldiers regular part ohotchih people of all classes.had received the freedom in the case of admission to the soldiers, and contrakt slavers were freed from bondage.of 20 February 1705 "On the recruitment of the man with 20 yards" was established recruit