Статья по предмету Иностранные языки

1. "Слова языка" Ф.Ф. Фортунатова
Статьи Иностранные языки

В следующей части статьи Фортунатов знакомит нас с формами отдельных полных слов. Учение о формах языка образует отдел языкознания - грамматику. Отсюда следует, что формы языка представляют собой грамматические факты языка, а различия слов в формах - грамматические различия слов. Формой отдельных слов называется способность отдельных слов выделять из себя для сознания говорящих формальную и основную принадлежность слова. Автор отмечает, что формальная принадлежность слова образует данное слово, как видоизменение другого слова, имеющего ту же основную принадлежность с другой формальной принадлежностью (стр. 137) . Формами полных слов являются различия полных слов, образуемые различиями в их формальных принадлежностях. Основа слова - основная принадлежность слова в форме слова. Для того, чтобы в слове выделялась для сознания говорящих известная принадлежность звуковой стороны слова в значении формальной принадлежности этого слова, требуется, чтобы та же принадлежность звуковой стороны и с тем же значением была созноваема говорящими и в других словах. Учёный делает вывод о том, что всякая форма в слове является общею для слов с различными основами и всякая форма в слове предполагает существование другой формы, с другой формальной принадлежностью, но с теми же основами слов (стр.137). Формальные принадлежности слов в их формах могут быть не только положительными, но и отрицательными. Фортунатов показывает на примере слов-предложений светает, морозит, где предмет мысли, образующий подлежащее, обозначен в самом глаголе.
2. A question of taste. Fashion
Статьи Иностранные языки

My style and the range of clothes that I have are defined by the activities I engage in. Work occupies most of my time and therefore most of the clothes that I have corresponds with the dress code, registered in the policy of our company. According to the dress code, an employee is not allowed to wear certain items of clothing to work. For example, men are supposed to wear ties and business suits, and nobody is allowed to wear jeans, except on Fridays. Womens clothes are not supposed to be skin-tight, too short and too open. All of the shirts are supposed to have collars. Clothes also cant be too bright, the colors should correspond to the corporate colors dark blue and white.
3. Art of conversation
Статьи Иностранные языки

Ready for some good conversation tips?

Good conversation is an important skill in almost every
situation. Whether it's on the job, with spouse or
children, in a social setting or everyday life, good
conversation is important.

It's the way we communicate with others and often is then
the way we are seen or perceived by others. Good
conversation is based on a sensitivity to others. Good
conversation therefore is a learnable skill once you pay
more attention to others.

Developing good conversation skills will allow you to feel
more at ease when conversing with others and will help
you say what you really want to convey.

1. Think about your tone, for good conversation it should be
pleasing, not too loud or too soft.

If you are talking too loudly you might be considered an
unpleasant conversationalist and who will want to talk to
you? Good conversation requires you to be agreeable.

If you are speaking too softly and people have to strain to
hear you, they might get tired of trying to listen. This will of
course prevent a good conversation developing.

2. Think about some things you might need or want to say
before you are at that job interwork or party if you want to
ensure a good conversation.

It will be helpful to think this through and even practice
out loud. You will come across as being confident and
intelligent. You can almost guarantee good conversation
by preparing thoroughly in advance of the event.

3. Don't feel you need to dominate in order to have a good
conversation.

Even if you are quite charming it won't be long before
others are weary of hearing the same voice. Good
conversation does not mean taking over the conversation!
Keep this in mind and it will be easier to have a good
conversation

4. How will you handle unpleasant conversations?

Remember not conversations start off looking
like a potential good conversation.
What will you do if you are criticized or if someone
disagrees with you? Think of ways to face these
situations before they happen.

To have a good conversation you need to be flexible and
be ready to handle difficulties that crop up. The art of having
good conversation does not mean everything goes smoothly
at all times.

If you can remain calm and fairly pleasant during the tough
talks you will improve and acquire good conversation skills. You
will also earn a reputation as someone who can easily be talked
to.

5. Think of your last embarrassing conversation, one that was the
opposite of a good conversation.

How did you do? Could there be improvement? If the answer
is "yes" begin by figuring out why the conversation
was embarrassing. This will help you to develop good
conversation skills.

Let's say someone asked you when you are planning to have
children. Even though this may not be anyone's business how
do you want to respond?

You do have choices. You can be funny, charming, rude or
elusive. Again, plan ahead for some of these questions and
decide how you want to react.

As you learn how to start a good conversation and find them
more of the time you can have good conversation your confidence
will soar and you will get better and better.

6. One of the most important parts of good conversation is
listening. It's a gift and a skill, one that you can
develop if it doesn't come easily for you. Good conversation
is impossible without good listening skills.

Don't forget to listen because it is essential for good
conversation skills! Neglect this key skill and it will be
virtually impossible to have a good conversation.

Good conversation is a learnable skill so keep at it and
you will improve. The only way to fail is to expect good
conversation to happen without any work on your part.
4. Bread in our life
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The Bible tells of the matzoh the Israelites ate as they fled Egypt. Because the former slaves dough had no time to rise, it baked on their backs as they escaped into the desert. Whether or not the story is historically accurate, we do know that lifestyle plays a major role in the kinds of breads people eat. In central Asia, where both grain and fuel are scarce, nomads make small, thin rounds that cook quickly over a fire. To survive long, cold winters, the people of central Anatolia hang rings of bread from the rafters. When fresh bread is needed, a ring is brought down, moistened with water, and soon is ready to eat.
5. Cities around the world
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What is Moscow famous for? Does it attract a lot of visitors?
1. Moscow is famous for its historical places as the Red Square and the Kremlin, for its monasteries and the Bolshoi Theatre, for the beautiful architecture of its churches, buildings, bridges and even underground stations. The Arbat Street is very popular among foreigners. Its an ancient stone-paved street with lots of little shops and restaurants, plenty of market stalls selling all sorts of souvenirs from matreshkas and flags to fur hats.
2. In the present it attracts more and more visitors from countries around the world, especially from Europe and the US. Most tourists come to visit Moscow during the summer, but some arrive here in the winter just to see the snow and enjoy a climate different from the one they are used to.
6. City life
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Which capital city would you most like to spend a weekend in?
1. After I visited Paris last summer, Ive been dreaming of spending at least a weekend in the capital city of Spain, Madrid. Its been my dream since I started studying Spanish four years ago. It would be really nice simply to feel the atmosphere of Spain. I think it must be different from that of other European countries and therefore I cant even imagine what it is like there. So the trip is definitely to bring surprises and fascinating impressions.
2. I would definitely go to the most popular place in Madrid El museo del Prado, also I would visit La Plaza Mayor (the Major Square) and one of the palaces. Maybe I would try and go to see corrida, although Im against cruel treatment of animals, but just once and just to get an impression of what it is in the real life, it would be ok. Besides, I would definitely experience Spanish night life, which I heard of so many times!
3. No matter whether Ill be able to see a lot or not, It would be really nice to practice my Spanish, visit a totally new country and culture, and just get an impression of what Spain is like.
7. Culture shock
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Culture shock has several stages. The 1st stage is the incubation stage. During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new. This time is called the "honeymoon" stage, as everything encountered is new and exciting. This stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months, depending on the circumstances.

Afterwards, the 2nd stage presents itself. It is characterized by a hostile and aggressive attitude towards the host country. This happens due to the difficulties a person faces in daily life, such as communication or transportation problems.
8. Ecological problems
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There are a lot of places on our planet that need immediate help. Our country is not exception. The nuclear accident at Chernobyl, which took place on April 26, 1986., has seriously aggravated the ecological situation in Belarus. That catastrophe can be considered as the largest disaster of the 20th century. As the result of that accident 18% of territories of our republic were contaminated by radioactive elements. The agriculture of our country suffered great losses. More than 20% of the population has also suffered. A death rate among children has increased considerably. The wide researches are carried out, but health state of the people living in polluted areas, is worsened. The level of thyroid gland cancer has increased, the immunity of children and women is weakened, many diseases appear out only a few years later. Everyone understands that this catastrophe is a threat to health of our nation, and though years have already passed, the results will be shown on the future generations.
9. Employment
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Most people like to think that personality can change, particularly the more negative features. But date affected over 50 years gives a clear message: still stable after all these years. Personal crises can affect the way we cope with things: we might take up or drop drink, drugs. Skills can be improved, and new ones introduced, but at rather different rates. People can be groomed for a job. Of course, people can be sent on training courses, diplomas, but better to select for what you actually see rather than attempt to change it.
10. English topics
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My favorite foreign writer is O.Henry. He was born in 1862. O.Henry is one of the most widely published American authors. His works have been translated into many languages. The best of his stories were published in books: ''Cabbages and Kings'', "The 4 million", "Heart of West" and others. His credo was-art should be true, democratic, it should address contemporary life and embrace all aspects of life. O.Henry was an outstanding humorist. He worked out and enriched all the types of the short story: the anecdote, the adventure story, tales and sketches. He was most famous for his stories of city life. O.Henry wrote about 150 stories with a New York background. He was a born writer of great talent. In childhood I was deeply impressed by his story "The Last Leaf". Since then I bear in my heart the image of a young girl suffering from serious illness and her friends doing everything they can do to give her hope and bring her back to life. The author penetrates deeply into a person's soul and reveals its best qualities. His love for humanity, for common people, for critical attitude towards injustice attracts readers to this day.
11. Euro-Atlantic integration and Ukrainian youth. Opinions and problems
Статьи Иностранные языки
Official representative of YATA in Ukraine is Youth Centre of Atlantic Council in Ukraine (YCACU), public organization established within the framework of Youth Program of Ukrainian Atlantic Council with a purpose of spreading among the youth the information and propaganda the ideas of Ukraines integration into European and Euroatlantic structures. The main working activities of Youth Centre ACU are:
1. informing and popularizing of the main objectives of the centre, including working with the media;
2. contribution to researching work, organization and consulting work regarding formation of political, economical, scientific, technical priorities as well as strategic interests of Ukraine.
12. How to make your child gifted?
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The question of whether genius is innate or acquired has not been answered by the scientists yet. THOMAS EDISON gave his famous formula for genius as 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration.We often hear statements such as “She is a born artist”, or “Hes a natural athlete”, or on the contrary “Success never came easy for me” or “He is a self-made man”. Those who manifest giftedness obviously have some inborn factors plus the motivation and stamina (выносливость, стойкость) to learn from and cope with the rigors (raigors) of living.
13. Identity. I am who I am
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Here are some possible answers to this question. We might be human animals. Surprisingly, most philosophers reject this answer. We will return to it in Sections 6 and 7. We might be partless, immaterial souls (or, alternatively, compound things made up of an immaterial soul and a material body: see Swinburne 1984). Hume said that each of us appears to be "a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and movement" (1888: 252; see also Quinton 1962 and Rovane 1998: 212). A modern descendant of this work says that you are a sort of computer program, a wholly abstract thing that could in principle be stored on magnetic tape (a common idea in science fiction). A popular work nowadays is that we are material objects "constituted by" human animals: you are made of the same matter as a certain animal, but you and the animal are different things because what it takes for you to persist is different (Wiggins 1967: 48, Shoemaker 1984: 112-114, Baker 2000). Another is the idea that we are temporal parts of animals (or in science fiction of more than one animal). There is even the paradoxical work that we don't really exist at all. The existence of human people is a metaphysical illusion. Many philosophers have denied their own existence (e.g. Russell 1985: 50 and Unger 1979).
14. Incorporation of [2,3,4,5,6-2H5]Phenylalanine, [3,5-2H2]Tyrosine, and [2,4,5,6,7-2H5]Tryptophan into...
Статьи Иностранные языки

widened. Moreover, mass spectra of the mixture components were additive. Therefore, these mixtures can be analyzed only in the case of the presence of spectra of various components recorded under the same conditions. These calculations involve solution of the system of n equations in n unknowns for the mixture containing n components. For the components, whose concentrations are more than 10 mol %, the validity and repro-ducibility of the analysis results can be ±0.5 mol % at a confidence probability of 90%. Therefore, chromato-graphical isolation of individual derivatives of 2H-labeled amino acids from the protein hydrolysate is necessary for a obtaining a reproducible result. Reverse-phase HPLC on octadecylsilane silica gel, Separon C18 (whose potency was confirmed by separation of methyl esters of //-DNS derivatives of 2H-labeled amino acids of another microbial objects, e.g., methylotrophic bacteria and microalgae [21]), was used. This method was adapted to conditions of chro-rnatographical separation of a mixture of methyl esters of DNS derivatives of amino acids of the BR hydrolysate. Optimization of eluant ratios, the gradient type, and the rate of elution from the column were performed. The maximum separation was observed after gradient elution with a mixture of solvents containing acetonitrile and trifluoroacetic acid (at a volume ratio of 100 : 0.1-0.5). In this case, tryptophan and a hardly degraded pare of phenylalanine/tyrosine were successfully separated. Degrees of chromatographical purities of isolated methyl esters of N-DNS [2,3,4,5,6-2H5]phe-nylalanine, N-DNS [3,5-2H2]tyrosine, and N-DNS [2,4,5,6,7-2H5]tryptophan were 97%, 96%, and 98%, respectively. The yield was 97-85%. Figure 5b confirms the result obtained. This figure shows the El mass spectrum of methyl ester of N-DNS [2,3,4,5,6-2H5]phe-nylalanine isolated by reverse-phase HPLC (scanning at m/z 70-600; the base peak at m/z 170; 100%). The mass spectrum is represented in relation to unlabeled methyl ester of//-DNS phenylalanine (scanning at m/z 150-700; the base peak at m/z 250; 100%) (Fig. 5a). The peak of a heavy molecular ion of methyl ester of N-DNS phenylalanine ([M]+, 59% at m/z 417; instead of [M]+, 44% at m/z 412 for unlabeled derivative of phenylalanine) and the additional peak of the benzyl fragment of phenylalanine, C7H7 (61% at mlz 96; instead of 55% at mlz 91 for control; data not shown), confirm the presence of deuterium in phenylalanine. The peaks of secondary fragments of various intensities with m/z 249, 234, and 170 correspond to products of secondary degradation of the dansyl residue to N-dimethylaminon-aphthalene. The low-intensity peak of [M+-COOCH3] (7%) at m/z 358 (m/z 353, 10%, control) represents the detachment of the carboxymethyl group from methyl ester of N-DNS phenylalanine. The peak of [M + CH3]+ (15%) at m/z 430 (m/z 426, 8%, control) represents the additional methylation at a-amino group of phenylalanine. The difference between molecular weights of
15. Lada Kalina
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16. Methylotrophic biomass as 2H-labeled substrate for biosynthesis of inosine
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The method of FAB MS was employed for the evaluation of inosine enrichment. The fragmentation pathways of inosine by FAB MS are shown in Fig. 3. Two main decomposition processes arised from the molecule: sugar (m/z 133) and hypoxantine (m/z 136) formation. The compounds with a smaller m/z ratio may further to be formed as a result of elitination of HCN and CO from hypoxantine. The level of deuterium enrichment could be evaluated from the FAB mass spectrum of 2H-labeled inosine shown in Fig. 3, b compared with the non-labeled inosine (a). The results, firmely established the labeling of inosine as heterogenious, juging by the presence of clasters of adduct peaks at the molecular ion MH+; the species of molecules with different numbers of deuterium atoms were visualised. The most abundant peak with (M+H)+ at m/z 274 (instead of m/z 269 for non-labeled compound) in the claster was registered by mass spectrometer as a peak with average m/z ratio, from whom the enrichment of inosine was calculated as five deuterium atoms. The presence of peak corresponding to the hypoxantine fragment [C5H4ON4]+ at m/z 138 (instead of m/z 136) and the peak of sugar fragment [C5H9O4]+ at m /z 136 (instead of m/z 133) proved that two deuterium atoms are located in hypoxantine, however, three of them are attributed to the ribose pattern.
17. My English Studies
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Everybody can see now the importance of English, listening to the radio and music, watching films on TV. As for me I have always wanted to study English deeply since I began learning it at school. My English lessons were always very interesting and I liked them most of all at school. WE started learning English with the alphabet, transcription and sounds. Then we learned some English words, conversation phrases and dialogues by heart, read and translated easy texts. Of course, sometimes we worked in the language laboratory listening to the recorded tapes and doing laboratory exercises, but that was not enough. From lesson to lesson we improved our knowledge, learned more and more new words, grammatical structures and put them into practice of speaking. Soon we were able not only to read and translate texts but to discuss their contents in English, to communicate with one another. Our teacher always told us that it is very helpful to listen as much as possible to different English educational programmes on the radio and on TV. I have a lot of English cassettes at home and try to listen to them almost every day. To my mind, English is not an easy language to learn. There is a big problem of speaking, punctuation, a large number of exceptions to any rule. This language is very idiomatic and the prepositions are terrible. English is one of those languages which may be seen easy in the beginning but then the bridge between basic knowledge and mastery takes a long time to cross. But if you cross this bridge it will give you great satisfaction. Even now the ability to speak to foreigners in their native tongue gives me great freedom and satisfaction. Its important also to read foreign authors in the original, which makes our outlook wider. It is not surprising that many intellectuals know several foreign languages. Besides, learning a foreign language opens great opportunities nowadays. You certainly know that with the development of international contacts hundreds of joint ventures appear in every city, every industrial and cultural centre. They need specialists who know one or two foreign language. Also foreign businessmen, delegations and missionaries keep coming to our country, and they all need interpreters. Out tourists and businessmen go abroad. So many people study foreign languages in every possible way. Teachers of foreign languages are in great demand. Such teachers neednt fear they may remain unemployed ____________________________________________________________________________
18. My flat
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My room is the smallest one but I like it very much. First of all because it is my own room and secondly because it is very cosy and light. I furnished it myself. There is a writing table at the window, where I would do my homework every day. To the left of the door there is wardrobe for my clothes and shoes. In the left-hand corner there is my bed with a bedside table at its head. Near the writing table there is a computer table with my computer on it. But the thing I really enjoy is a big mirror near my bed. There are actually some chairs in my room. The walls are pink and they match the colour of the curtains on the window. There is a thick carpet on the floor and I like to read books sitting on it. On the walls there are some posters of my favourite musicians, photos and water-colours. I like my room as it is but from time to time I change it round. Quite often I move the bed and the table and change some posters on the walls. Sometimes I like to stay alone in my room, especially when Im in a bad mood. Generally Im pleased with my room but I wish I had a small TV-set, because Im tired of soap operas that my parents use to watch.
19. Occurring with a writer, who write books about Australian animals
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- You know, we have the same place, named oasis of New Yorks concrete desert, - beautiful Central Park. The park is surprisingly big, with lakes and woods as well as organized recreation areas. New Yorkers love Central Park, and they use it all the time. In the winter, going ice-skating, and in the summer roller-skating, bicycling and boating. They play ball, ride horses and have picnics. And there is even a childrens zoo with wild birds and animals. Families come here to enjoy the sun and fresh air. The children can play safely here away from fast cars and busy streets. Musicians, hot dogs and hamburgers, water birds, fine and calm weather, - what can be better!?
20. Pets
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As for me I like parrots. They are my favourite pets. They are clever and nice. I've got a parrot. His name is Kesha. He's blue. He's not big, he's little. He has got a small head, a yellow beak, a short neck, two beautiful wings and a long tail. He lives in a cage.

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