I.. -,,, л . -, -,.
. 1,, - Уmedia effectsФ ( ).2,,,.,.
. XXI.,. л -.
..,.,,,.
1 ( ),.,,.,,,.
2., : Bryant, J., Zillmann, D. Eds. Media effects: Advances in theory and research. Mahwah, 2002.
- 431 pp., Durham, M.G., Kellner, D.M. Eds. Media and cultural studies: Key works. Malden, 2001. - pp. 177-197, McQuail, D. Ed. McQuailТs Mass Communication Theory, 4th ed. London, 2000. - 498 pp., Salwen, M.B., Sacks, D.W. Eds.
An integrated approach to communication theory and research. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996. - 308 pp.
.3,.,, -.,,,,.
.,.4 Ц, л .
,, -.
л (. -. )5,,, -,.,, (, -, -, ) л .,.
.,.,,,, (, )., XIX. 1870 3.,,.. :., 2007. Ц. 3-4.
4.,,..., 2002. - 368.;..., 2005. - 448.
5 Boyd-Barrett, O., Rantanen, T. The Globalization of News. London, 1998. - 230 pp.
,.,,. XIX,..,,.
:,,,,,., л ..
,.,,,,.
,,,..
,,,, -.
-,,, - I.
, :
;
XX - XXI ;
;
л ;
;
;
;
;
- ;
.
Ц,, Ц.
.. (.,.,. ),,,,.6,.. л : 7. (. -,.,. ),.
,, 50,8. л 6. :.., 2004 - 320.;.., 2004 - 340.;. // :. 3-4,, 2006. Ц. 90-91.
7.. :.., 2001. Ц36.
8.. л ....., 2005... - :
,. 1946-1984..
..., 1984.. : л ...., 2000...
(,, 2005),. л - (,, 2005). л : (,, 2005).9 :,,,,,.
,,,,.,.,,,.
, -., (.,.,. ),,.,.,.
,, Ц,,.,. : (, )....., 2001......., 1993. -. ( ): (1963-1994.)...
.., 1995. -.. : ( л - 1983-1989.)....., 1991... :....., 2001... л - ....., 2005.
9...........:, 2005... -.........:, 2005.. :......
...:, 2001.
1984 л ( ).10. л ,,, -,,,...,,.
. л : . -,,,,.,., -..,, -,,, -.,,.
:
,, (, - ), -,,, -, - 10... Ц..
. : Ц, (.,.,. );11 (. );12,, (. );13 (.
,.,.,. );14 ( ) (.,.,. ); (.,.,. );16 11. /..,.., 2000. - 256.,. : //, 5, 2003.,.. - //. л , 6, 2002.,... л 1, 2006. Ц. Ц. 3-6.,..
.., 1999. - 300.,. :,,,..,1995. Ц271.,.. ( ) //. 2. 2006. Ц.
8 - 20.. : //., 2006. Ц. 98-107.
12..., 2003. - 335.. :
//. л , 1, 2002. - 17-33.
13.. л ?. - -, 2002.
14...., 2006. - 140.,.
.., 2005 - 176.,. :.., 2005 - 287.,.. ? ! (л , л , л Е ?) // :. 3-4,, 2006. Ц.
6-12... // :. 3-4,, 2005. Ц. 11-17.
15. ( ).., 2000. - 49.,. //. 2. 2006. Ц.
20 - 33..,. :
// :. 1-2,, 2005. Ц.
44-47..... - 1990 - 2000. :. 5-6,, 2004. Ц.
6-13.. ( ). 2., 2005.
- 280.,. XVIII - XX :. 2., 2006. - 3.,. :. - -, 2003.,..
...... Ц, 2004. - 37.
16. - //.., 2003 ( //,.17.., 1986. Ц. - 21.,. : торинга// Язык СМИ как объект междисплинарного исследования. М.,2003. ( );17 - (.
,.,.,.,.,.,.
,. );18 - (.,.,. );19 (. ); 20 (. -,. )., -.
-,,,,.,,.
., л,,.,,,, .22, Предметом семантического анализа должен стать не реальhtm# _12)...,., 2003. - 360.,. Баранов А. Введение в прикладную лингвистику. М., 2003. - 360 с., Гурьева З. Речевая коммуника :,, 2003.,. ( )......... Ц, 2003. - 40.
17.. //.., 2003 ( 1999. - 365.
18..., 2004 - 140.,., 2001.. -.., 2001. - 228.,. :.., 2002.
- 256.,...., 1999. - 640.,. (1980-1990).., 1995. Ц. 1945-1990.., 1999.. XXI /.. Ц., 2000...., 1996. - 144.,..., 2004. - 320.
19.. :.., 2003. - 239.,...., 2002. - 288.,.
. :.
., 2000. - 170.
20. //., 2006. Ц. 36-41.,.., 1996. - 140.,. XIX // :. 1-2,, 1998. Ц. 72-77.
21 -..., 2006. - 864.,..., 2003. - 304.
22. //. 2. 2006. Ц. 20 - 33.
ный мир, а концептуализация мира, которая интерпритируется и, отражается каждым языком по-своему, в рамках идеологических преференций.
,.
, л .,.
,,, - -..,,.
.,,, - -.,,,.,,..
,,,.,,., л - , (,, PR-, ).,,,.
-,,,.,.
,, :,,,,,,,.,.
,, (.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.
,.,.,. -,.,.,.,.,.,. 1 ).,, -.
,,, -. 23..., 1998 - 453., Herman, E., McChesney, R. The Global Media. The New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism. London, 1999 - 262 pp., Chomsky, N., Herman, E. The Political Economy of Human Rights. Montreal, 1979 - 398 pp., Chomsky, N., Herman, E. Manufacturing Consent. N.Y., 1988 - 324 pp., Garnham, N. Political Economy and the Practice of Cultural Studies // Ferguson, M., Golding, P. Cultural Studies in Question. London, 1997.,.,,.., 1989 - 310., Fairclough, N. Critical Discourse Analysis. Longman, 1995 - 304 pp., Read, D. The Power of News. The History of Reuters. Oxford, 1992.
- 432 pp., Kellner, D. Ed. Media and cultural studies: Key works. Malden, 2001. - pp. 177-197., McQuail, D. Ed.
McQuailТs Mass Communication Theory, 4th ed. London, 2000 - 498 pp., Fiske, J Understanding Popular Culture London, 1989. - pp. 23-47., Hall, S. Culture, media, language : working papers in cultural studies, 1972-79. London, 1980 - pp. 15-47., Robertson, R. Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity // Global Modernities.
London, 1995 - pp. 25-44., McChesney, R. Rich Media, Poor Democracy. N.Y., 1999, Lull, J. Media, Communication, Culture. Cambridge, 2000 - 256 p.,. - :.., 2004. - 332.,..., 2004. - 400., Rebours, Y. Les dif cult s de la presse criteЕ selon presse crite (http :// www.acrimed.org/imprimer.
php3?id_article=1757), Boyd-Barrett, O., Rantanen, T. The Globalization of News. London, 1998 - 230 pp., Boyd-Barrett, O. National and International News Agencies: Issues of Crisis and Realignment // Gazette, 2000. Vol. 62(1) - pp. 5 - 18., Boyd-Barrett, O. Globalizing the National News Agency // Journalism Studies, 2003. Vol. 4(3) - pp. 371Ц85., BoydBarrett, O. Western News Agencies and the УMedia ImperialismФ // Journal of International Affairs 1982. Vol. 35(2).
- pp. 247Ц60., Rantanen, T., Boyd-Barrett, O. European National Agencies - the End of an Era or a New Begining? Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism. - 2000. Vol. 1, #1., Rantanen, T., Boyd-Barrett, O. State News Agencies - A Time for Re-evaluation? // Medien & Zeit, #4 (2001)., Rantanen, T. and Boyd-Barrett, O. Global and National News Agencies: The Unstable Nexus // de Beer, A.S., J.C. Merrill (eds) Global Journalism: Topical Issues and Media Systems.
Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 2004. - pp. 35Ц49., Paterson, C. Prospects for a Democratic Information Society: The News Agency Stranglehold on Global Political Discourse // ( paterson.pdf)., Paterson, C. News Agency Dominance in International News on the Internet // Papers in International and Global Communication. # 1, May, 2006., Blanchard M. The Associated Press Antitrust Suit: A Philosophical Clash over Ownership of First Amendment Rights. // Business History Review, #61, 1987., Alvarado, M., Boyd-Barrett, O. Media Education: an Introduction. London, 1992 - 210 pp. Wilke, J. Agenturen im Nachritenmarkt. Reuters, AFP, VWD/dpa, dpa-fwt, KNA, epd, Worldwide Television News, Dritte Welt-Agenturen. K ln, Weimar, Wien, 1993. - 420 s., Wilke, J., Rosenberg B. Die Nachrichtenmacher. Zu Strukturen und Arbeitsweisen von Nachrichtenagenturen am Beispiel von AP und DPA. K ln, Weimar, Wien, 1991. - 239 s.
,,.,,.
,.
1., -.., л Ц.,,, л .
2..,. л , л Ц,.
3. - -.,,, л ,.,,.
4. - - XXI.,, -,..
5. - XXI.
л .,,, л ,,. - (. )24.
6., -,,, XXI. XXI,,,,,.
7..,. л ,,.
8. л , (, ),,,.
9.,,,.,, л ,.,. л .
10. л (, ) л ( 24.., 20 - 235.
, ),.
,...
л , л , л , л , л , л , л (, ), ( )., -,.
. л (., 2006) л : (, 2007), л : (, 2005), л л (., 2006) 48.
, -,,,,,.
.,, 620.
- 1990- - 2000-.
II. л - .
XXI,.
,,.,, -.
.. - (.,.,.
,. ) :, Ц, -,,,.,.,.,..
, -,,.
.,,..,,,.,,,,,.
,,. л,, : л .,,.
л .
л , л ,.., л Ц,, .25,,..
.,.,,,. л ,,.
., -.,,, Ц,,,, (, - ).
25...., 2004. Ц. 140.
, - -XXI.,.,,,,, -,,.
,., л .,,,.
,,,, :
,,,, PR-, л л -.
- XXI.
1. (, -, -,,, ) 2. (,, - ).
3. ( ).
4., (,.) 5. (, ).
6.,, ( ).
7., ( ).
. : ; ;, л , ; ;.
: л - ; - ;, ; ;.
, -., -..
-,, -. л , -,. л - - - ?.
. ( ).
..,.,.,.,..
, (.,.,.,.
,.,. ).,,.
,., :,,...26 Ц,,,,,..
,.,,,.,,..,.
26..........
.., 2006. Ц. 11.
,, ( ),.,.,,,,,.
.,,, -. ( ),.
- : 1) ( ); 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8) ; 9) ; 10).
: Ц,,,,.
-,.,,,.,,.
,,,.,.
, -. 1980-.
,,.
Ц.., :,,,,.,.. л .
,,, 2- 3-.
л :, .
XIX,.,,,, Ц.
( ).,., л - ,,,,.
,,.,,,,.
.
(1830- - 1860- ) Ц.
(1870 - 1919) - -.
(1919 - 1939) - -.
(1939 - 1945) - л .
(1945 - 1990- ) Ц.
(1990- - ) Ц,.
, Ц.
:,, л (,,,, л ),.
, Ц.,,. л . - Ц,,.,,.,.
. л ,,.27 : (,, ), ( - ), ( ), ( ).
, ( ),.
.,,28 (,, ),,.,,.,,, -.,,.
:,,,,,.
. :,.29,,.,, 40%,,., 32 000,,.. -,30,, Ц,,,,.
27...., 2006. Ц. 224-251.
28... Ц.36.
29 Rantanen, T. The Foreign News in Imperial Russia. The Relationship between International and Russian News Agencies (1856-1914). Helsinki, 1990. - p.27.
30 Boyd-Barrett, O. International News Agencies. London, 1980. - pp.56-64.
, - л .,,,,.,,, Ц. л ,.,,,,,.. 2/.,.,. 30 ( ) 11,.,,.
: Ц, ( ) Ц, ( ) Ц, Ц.,,,, 40-50%,.,,,.
, :
1.,.
2. :., 31.. :., 2007. Ц. 142-157.
,.
3.,,,.
4.. л ,..
5.,,,.
6., л ,,,.
: л Ц, 4-6 ( 50 ); л - л ,, л ; л (30- ) - : л ; л (30-50 ) Ц,, ( ); л - ( 80-100 ),,.
., :
1.,,.,,,.,,, л .
2.,,,,,.,, - (,, ),, -,., л 14.05.06, :
,,..,,,. .
3. (, ),,. ;.
4..,, ( - (BrazilТs Lula)),., Ц. (Al-Zarkawi is dead),.
5.,,...
6.,.,,,.
7....,,,,..,.
8.,,,,.,,.,..
9.. Уthought to beФ, УallegedФ, УsupposedФ,.,,.,.
10.,,, -, (U.S. help, U.S. withdrawal).,,,.
11. л :,,, УcontinuousФ., (, л : UFOria, sexcessor, sindustry, pornocrat, vodkaholic, videot). л . -.,.
12. -,,.
. -,.,,.
..,,, :,, ; ( ),, ; ; - Ц.
: 1) ; 2), ; 3), ; 4) ; 5) ; 6),, ; 7).
(, ),.
1.,,., Ц.,, - -,. л .
2., -,.,,,,.
3....,. Ц,, -, л .
4. л ,,,.,,, (, )., ( ).
5.,,.,. ( 2005,... )..
6.,,.,, XXI л .32,,.
,,.,.., 2007 2. 80 60, л 5 2.
7.., л ,.
л -.
- Ц,. - - 32... Ц.20.
.
-,, -, -,, -. -,,.
- -,,.,,,,,,.
-,,,., л Ц.
,, (, ),.. ( ).
- :
1., - л - - 2001 -.
2. 2001, - (,, )., л (, )..
3. -,. -,.
4. -., л ., 10 л - .
5. -.
:, (,.. ),33.,,,..
Ц,,,,, -,,.,,,. - -,.
, - XXI : 1) ; 2) (л ,,, ); 3) - ; 4) -, ( ),,,, 33.,,.. - 90-.., 2001. - 228., Aufderheide, P. Nice-Market Culture, Off and On line // The Electronic Grapevine: Rumor, Reputation, and Reporting in New On-Line Environment. Borden, D., Harvey, K. (eds.) Mahwah, N.J., 1998. - pp. 131 Ц144.
(, ).
.,, :,,,,.
, ( ),, -.
,, (,, ) ;
, ;, л ; ( ),.34,.. -,.
,,.. -.,,.
- л ,,,..
. л,,,,, 34 Boyd-Barrett, O. Final report of the Workshop on News Agencies in the Era of Internet. Paris, 2001b.
,, .35,,,.
-, :
Ц, ;
-,, л ,,, ;
,,,, ;
,., л ;
, ;
л (, ) л (, - ), ;
л ,, л ,,,, ;
,,,, ;
35.. //.., 2003 ( text12/07.htm).
, л .,, ;
, ;
(, ),,,.,,.
.,, -,,...
,. -,.,,,,.
,,,,,,,..,,.,,,.
,,,....
л -. -,.
-, -.,,,,,.,,,.,,.
,,,, л -.,, -,.,,. -.
,,,. -,,, Ц..
:
,, 1... 2003 /.. //. :., 1, 2004. Ц. 125-128.
2... /.. //. :., 2, 2005. Ц. 186-198.
3... XXI /.. //. :.
2006. - 1. Ц. 136-143.
3.... /...:
, 2006. - 387.
4... : /.. :, 2007. - 240.
- 5... /.. // :,,,.. /....:, 2006. Ц. 254 Ц301.
6.......:, 2006. - 110.
7... I.
-. -..:, 2006. - 38.
8... : /.. // :. 7-8, 2004. Ц. 17-20.
9... - XXI /.. // :. 3-4, 2005. Ц. 52-59.
10... - /.. // :,,., 2005. Ц. 47-52.
11... /.. // :. 5-6, 2004. Ц. 13-16.
12... - /.. // :
. 7-8, 2005.. 8-13.
13... - /.. // :. 2006, 5-6.-.59-66.
14... - /.. // :. 2006, 1-2.-.28-38.
15... /.. // :. 2006, 3-4.-.61-74.
16... /.. //.., 2006. Ц. 76-88.
17... /.. //. :.
2007. - 1. Ц. 206-217.
18... 20- - 30- XX /.. // 1.Ч. 35-42.Ч, 2002.
19... ( - ) /.. // :
. 5-6, 2003. Ц. 107-109.
20... ( - ) /.. // :. 1-2, 2002. Ц. 93-95.
21... /.. // - 2005..-..., 2006.
Ц. 40-41.
22..., i -2002. /.. // i 4- i - i. i, 2002. Ц. 78-79.
23... /.. // 2001:.. 4. Ц., 2002.
Ц. 35-37.
24... /.. // i -2004.
i 6- i - i. i, 2004.
Ц. 280-281.
25... /.. // 2002 :.
. 1. Ц., 2003. Ц. 94-96.
26... /.. // 2000:.
.-. Ч., 2001. Ч. 57-58.
27... /.. // - : XXI.
..-.. Ч., 2007.Ч. 263-264.
( 1,2,3),.