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Hana L. LIVING STANDART AND INEQUALITY IN ALBANIA
Table 1. Overall macroeconomic indicators
Graph 1: Average annual inflation rate during 1990-2003.
2. Poverty and Inequality in Albania.
Table 2 Poverty line
Instat-2002 lsms
Table 3 Health and education spending, % of GDP
3. Main challenges to increasing the standard of living.

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**Hana L.^{^*}**

LIVING STANDART AND INEQUALITY IN ALBANIA

Introduction

The economic science has argued and the World experience has proved that the living conditions, inequality and poverty are depending from the economic situation and democracy development. There are many indicators can be measured that as growth rate of the real GDP and GDP per capita, the standard of living, the level of employment and unemployment, the line and level of poverty, etc. All these indicators are links between them. The sustained real GDP growth influences the new job places, the level of human development and the standard of living by increasing average household incomes and decreasing poverty. In the same time, the sustained real GDP growth tends to increase government revenues and consequently ensures greater fiscal resources for investment in human development – education, health, etc. But it is well-known that improvements in the education and health status of the population generate significant economic returns and contribute to economic growth and improvements in people’s incomes. The history has proved that the sustained economic development growth and the good standard of living are necessary conditions for well functioning and developing the democracy, which generate people’s energy for more prosperity.

These lawful of development are present even to the countries in transition. But, it is necessary to take in consideration some specifics when analyze the economic growth, standard of living, etc. in this area, the most important of which are as follow:

The economic situation at beginning the transition processes was very difficulties. Many researchers had underlined that one of the main reasons of destroyed the communist system has been impossibility to create the economic structure more competitive than the market economy. As a result, in all East countries the standard of living has been lower and poverty higher than in West. Parallels with increasing the economic difficulties of communist regimes life of the people did more hardness.
The transition grow up economic difficulties because, in the process, not only the obsolete internal structures are destroyed to pave the way for the creation of new ones, but also foreign relations go through the same course of action. This takes time and, of course, has its economic cost so called “cost of transition”. In the same time, during this transition processes did even the differentiation of the society and created new class of businessmen’s, which, of course, had its impact to standard of living of other part of society.
The statistical data are contestable. There are many objective and subjective reasons for this, but it is fact that researcher are obliged to use even other indicators to reflect the real situation in many cases.

The transition period to market economy is going to finish in economic aspects. It is necessary for us to win loosed time, to find ways for open new jobs and grow up production, to consolidate democracy and respect the laws, to fight corruption and criminality, to increase the standard of living and decrease poverty, etc. The ambitious program of UN for the global war against poverty in new Millennium must be our compass to change faces of our countries.

1. Economic development and living standard in Albania.

Albania entered to the transition period after a long spell of self-isolation, after application a long time the most extreme variant of the system that had entirely exhausted its generating energies, forcing the country into the grip of various crises. The emigration was forbidden. Substantial transformations have taken place in country in all spheres of economy and social life since the beginning reforms of transition to market economy, which had their cost. As a result of lack of any historical experience for transition from planning economy to market economy, these costs increased so much at the beginning. The very difficulties economic situation and fundamental changes on it, in one side, and the unstable political situation in a country (in 1997 country was on the threshold of civil war) and the war in the region during all last decade, on other side, have accompanied with serious difficulties as decline real GDP; change the structure of the economy, characterized by drastically decrease the level of industrial production and an increase in services; noticeable limitation of investment and consumption; increase very fast and in high level the deficit of trade and payment balances, high inflation; sizable growth in the “shadow economy”; increase unemployment in unknown level and large-scale of emigration of the population (about 1/4-1/3 of population); etc. All these have led to grow poor and to a decrease the standard of living of the population which is presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Overall macroeconomic indicators

	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003
Population (000)	3255.9							3069.3
GDP(by 1990 prices in billions of lek)	16.812	15.107	16.478	14.78	16.556	17.764	19.15	20.605	21.573	22.868
Growth of GDP in % (by 1990 prices)	-10	13.3	9.1	-10.3	12.7	10.1	7.3	7.6	4.7	6.0
GDP (current prices, in millions of USA)	2406	2422.1	322.3	2236.9	2824.4	3548.4	3836.3	4113.7	4695.4	6027.3
GDP/ capita in USA	645.4	737.8	920.6	672.9	842.1	1052.0	1128.0	1332.6	1521.0	1934.9
No. of employees(000)	1433.0	1138.0	1116.0	1107.0	1103.0	1081.0	1068.0	1065.0	921.0	928.0
Unemployment rate	…	13.1	12.4	14.9	17.8	18.0	16.9	14.6	15.8	15.0
Inflation rate		7.8	12.7	33.2	20.6	0.4	0.1	3.1	5.3	3.3
Domestic debt (in % of GDP)		25.1	30.7	36.2	36.2	37.4	42.6	39.5	38.8	38.0
External debt (in % of GDP)		30.4	29.2	35.6	36.9	32.3	31.8	28.2	24.4	23.3
Average exchange rate (lek per 1 USD)	8	92.8	104.5	148.9	150.6	137.7	143.7	143.5	140.1	121.9
Average exchange rate (lek per 1 Euro)	-	-	-	-	-	146.96	132.58	128.47	132.36	137.51

Source: Statistical Yearbook of Albania, INSTAT, Tirana 1991, p.356-357; Annual report 2000, Bank of Albania, Tirana 2001, p.16; Annual report 2003, Bank of Albania, Tirana 2004, p.24;Progress report 2003-on implementation of the National Strategy for Socio-Economic Development, Council of Ministers, Tirana 2004, p.3

Note: Population by census 1989 and 2001.

The GDP had many oscillations during the last decade. GDP has made bigger than in year 1990 only in year 1999, while its level of year 1989 got over only in year 2000. The biggest drop has been in year 1991-about 30 percent as it is shown to the chart 1 below.

The real growth of GDP in %

Source: Annual report 2000, Bank of Albania, Tirana 2001, p.17.

The important changes had place even in structure of GDP. If in year 1990 in the industry has been created 58, 4 % of the social product and in the agriculture - 25,1 % of its, in 2003 a share of industrial production in GDP was only 10.2 % and share of agriculture – 24.7 %, while the share of services – 46.1 %. The industrial product and main agriculture product decreased not only relatively, but and absolutely. They are until now in a lower level than before year 1990. As a result, the deficit in the trade balance increased rapidly (for each exported dollar, more than 4 dollars are imported in 2003) and foreign debt exceeds 1bln dollars.^¹

The GDP per capita had oscillated as real GDP. After big drops during years 1990-1992, as it is shown in chart, in 1993 has began increased and arrive $ 381.5 per capita. In year 2003 it’s arrive $ 1934.9 per capita. In appearance, every thing is well. But, if the GDP per capita has been increased 3 times during 1990-2003, the real growth of GDP (by 1990 prices) was 1, 36 times and growth of GDP (by current prices in USD) was 2.5 times when number of population is in the same level in years 1990 and 2003. The officials are explaining this growth of GDP per capita in USD (2003/ 2002 its increase was more then 25 %) by “the exchange rate and inflation…The substantial overvaluation of the lek against the dollar (about 13 %^²) was the main reason that per capita GDP grew at such a rate in 2003”.^³ It is the fact that the GDP per capita in Albania is still very low and lower than other countries in region.

The employment problems are “Akillas hill” of Albanian economy. Although 1/4-1/3 of the Albanian people had emigrated during this transition period, the problems in this field are continuing. The tendency was decreasing the number of employees, as it is shown on table. The unemployment rate (15 %) presents only the people who are registered to the employment offices. But, based on demographic data, the situation of the labour market in Albania is certainly worrying. Out of the 2,170 thousand people aged over 15 years only 1,042 thousand were employed (48 per cent) in 2001, being 306 thousand people unemployed and seeking work and 823 thousand inactive (38 percent), of which at list 250 thousand (11.5 percent out of 15 + years population) to be considered as a work potential when we disregard adult students, retired and disabled people and the elderly housekeepers. Therefore, in front of a supply of more than 1,600 thousand potential workers in 2001, equally divided by sex, the labour demand succeeded in employing only two third or, more precisely, four out of five men against less than half of the women. Therefore, the real core labour force employed in Albania at the 2001 census-i.e. those who worked permanently and/or full-time- could be estimated around 550-700 thousand workers, much than half of the labour potential. Even in a simple normalization process the labour demand should be able to absorb also more than 66 thousand first-job seekers and to give stable occupation to about 140 thousand people who work temporary, seasonally or occasionally in the industrial or service sectors.^⁴

The inflation pattern was characterized by periodic fluctuations throughout the year, but these were more moderate compared to other indicators. The fluctuations are presenting to the graph 1 below:

Graph 1: Average annual inflation rate during 1990-2003.

The inflation grew up rapidly (226 % in 1992) at the beginning of reforms, but after that the tendency was in good way. Another shock was year 1997 and during the years later Bank of Albania has maintained low rate of inflation. During these processes, the purchasing power of the Albanian currency-lek- decreased about 25 times, which reflected directly to the standard of living of population.

These indicators are fully sufficient to understand the real economic situation in country and its effect to the standard of living of the population. If wasn’t the remittances from Albanian emigrants (calculated 600-700 million dollars per year^⁵) and international aid (2.24 billion dollars during 1991-2002)^⁶, it is very difficulties to foretell what happened to the cost of living of the population and to the humanitarian field.

2. Poverty and Inequality in Albania.

Poverty is a complex phenomenon involving multiple dimensions of deprivation as lack of goods and services, haven’t shelters and jobs, haven’t health services and lack of the education possibilities, etc. In generally, an individual is considered poor if her level of per capita expenditure falls below a minimum level necessary to meet the basic food and non-food needs. This World disease is present to our society and haven’t any possibility to stop its increased during the transition period from one to another system.

According to the assessment of the extent to which basic needs are met, are calculated two lines of the level of poverty:

food poverty (or extreme poverty or physiological poverty) is related to the level of food consumption below which the basic need for calories is met (2 288 calories per person);
full poverty line is related to a consumption level that also incorporates some other non-food items.

Based on this definition, the official line of poverty is presented in Table 2 below.

Table 2

Poverty line

	Value (in lek)	Level (%)
Food poverty line	3 047	4.7
50% median per capita consumption method	3 349	7.0
$ 2 PPP method	3 775	10.8
60% median per capita consumption method	4 019	13.5
Total poverty	4 891	25.4
$ 4 PPP method	7 550	59.3

Source: INSTAT-2002 LSMS

Based on this data, 780 000 people are on the line of full poverty (about $ 1, 63 per day) and 150 000 people are on extreme poverty (about $ 1 per day). But, by official data, in Albania are 130 039 families or 19.06 % of population (585 000) which receiving economic assistance per month in value lek 2 170-3 188.^⁷ This is less or equally $ 1 per day. A simple experiment shows that there are a large number of households clustered around the poverty line. Increasing the poverty line by 10 % would increase the percentage of poor individuals between 25 and 50 percent.^⁸ The study, prepared by the Institute of labour, has argued that the real income of the vast majority of the population is lower than 15 years before^⁹. The opinion of the people for the question “how they perceive their current economic situation” is: nine of out ten household heads reply that they “are not satisfied with their current financial situation; half of them are not at all satisfied; 20 % of the respondents share the opinion that their overall life is deteriorating; 40 % claim that they are mainly concerned with their health, and one third maintain that their financial situation has slightly improved.”^¹⁰ By the report presented on October 2004 to the United Nation from the International Organization for Food and Agriculture (FAO), in Albania ”more than half of population are living with 1,6 EURO per day and 1/4 of them are living in extreme poverty”^¹¹.

Besides the high level of unemployment (in 2003 number of employees was about half a million less than in 1990) and inflation rate, the poverty is reflected even to other indicators as health services, education, etc. The economic stagnation of the early 1990s was accompanied with the large cuts in government expenditure in these fields. The health and education spending as a percentage of GDP went down, as show in table 3 below.

Table 3

Health and education spending, % of GDP

	1990	1995	1998	2000	2001	2002	2003
Health spending as % of GDP	3.3	2.38	…	1.91	2.0	1.7	1.7
Education spending as % of GDP	5.8	3.7	3.0	3.24	3.19	2.81	2.85

Source: UNDP Human development report 2003; Progress report 2003-on implementation of the National Strategy for Socio-Economic Development, Council of Ministers, Tirana 2004, p. 25, 52 ; Living conditions and inequality in Albania, INSTAT, Tirana 2004, p. 25

This is one of most important reason that the main indicators of health services continue to go down. In year 2000 compare to 1990, the number of physicians and nurses per 100 thousand people decreased respectively 19% and 22 %, the hospitals and beds per 100 thousands people decreased respectively more than 2.5 times and 45 %,^¹² etc. One problem for the people in Albania is the informal and under the counter payments for health care, which has trend to increase rapidly from the reform in health system has started and will pose a threat to the health care reform.

The same situation is even to the education system. The gross enrolment for primary education has decreased from 102 percent in 1990 to about 99.8 percent in 2002. While the secondary enrolment has decreased from about 80 percent in 1990 to 44 percent in

2002, the university one has gone up by 5 percent. The illiteracy increased. By the data of census, illiteracy rate is less than 2 percent for the population aged 6 years and over. The data from the LSMS show that illiteracy rate is at 5.7 for people older than 14 years old^¹³ and by other sources this is 14.7 percent.^¹⁴ More problems are in quality of educations and abandonment of the schools. It is a fact that many schools are reconstructed or are in this process, especially in urban area, by the international and our sources. But, migratory movements have created over population in the schools on urban area, which have price in a quality of the lessons, and less pupils in the schools on rural area, where the quality of schooling are lower.

The reforms to market economy are accompanied with inequality by groups of people, by ages, by sex, etc. During this time has been created new class of successful businessmen, who are “locomotive” of the economic development of the country. As in other East European countries, some of them are multimillionaires and are playing crucial role in all fields. Another group is the state officials and banking employees, earnings of which are well by the economic conditions of the country. Officially, the report between lower and higher level of salary in the public sector is 1: 12, from 1:2 until 1990. A third group is the artists, the academic and university circles, etc. In generally, the small businesses are ensuring a modest life, better than workers.

Analyzing the nature and main correlation of poverty is instrumental to refining policy tool and targeting mechanisms for its combating and improving the living standard of the most vulnerable segments of the population. First of all, this is a strong correlation between poverty and unemployment. The unemployment rate among the poor is almost double the rate among the non-poor. Poor people live in larger, younger households. Poverty rates are highest among large households with 7 or more members, with rates above 50 percent regardless of location. Poverty incidence among younger people is above the national average. Almost half of the poor in Albania are below the age 21. About 20 percent of the people in pension are poor. One in three families experiences problems with low quality housing; there are serious problems with the water supply and the other infrastructure problems. The poor people have problems even to education. Among them, only about 2 children in 10 enroll in secondary school, versus 5 in 10 among the non-poor. In addition to the lack of incomes, 75 percent of poor families experience acute social problems.

The extreme poverty have place especially in rural areas. Four in five people are poor, poorer than the same category in urban areas. At every educational level, poverty in rural areas is nearly double than in urban ones. There are big gap in the health and education system, dwelling condition and infrastructure between the rural and urban areas. For example, only 21.5 percent of rural population 21 year and older has completed secondary school, in contrast with urban areas where about two third of the adult population hold a secondary or vocational school diploma^¹⁵. This is one of the most important reasons for people moving out of rural areas to the outskirts of urban ones, but even there their economic circumstances tend to be more difficult, because they don’t have a job, the infrastructure conditions are lacking and some basic social services don’t exist.

Generally, the low standard of living was a main reason of explosion the migratory movement abroad from Albania during the transition period. Some surveys carried out by the International Organization of Migration have shown that about 90 percent of Albanian emigrants (which are 1/4-1/3 of the country population) had been forced to emigrate for economic reasons. It is clear that this does not have limitless possibilities and the state is obliged to apply more progressive policies and to close the mass migration movements inside and outside country.

3. Main challenges to increasing the standard of living.

It is well-known that who came in this World wanted and have right to live, and try to live every day better and better. This is a reason that fighting again poverty is more than one act of charity. It is the most important ways to fight for realizing the human rights and peace. “We believe that- underline president of the World Bank, Ms. James D. Wolfensohn-the problem of poverty is deeply one problem of peace and no one part of the World will not be peaceful and will not have a optimistic future out handled the problem of poverty”^¹⁶ That is why the representative of 189 countries four years before promised to continue by the ambitious program the global war again poverty for new Millennium. Among 8 main objectives of this program are even decreasing the level of extreme poverty 50 % until 2015 year, realizing the elementary and secondary school for all kids, fighting again some diseases as SIDA, malaria, tuberculoses, etc.

Many indicators show that the financial supports for this ambitious program aren’t enough. Other reason is fact that increasing population in poor countries is higher than number of people moves from category extreme poverty and poverty to the category with normal standard of living. These are some reasons that, as newspaper “Le Monde” emphasized, out any international energy intervention, children in poor countries will have basic education not in 2015 as was foresight by the Objectives of Millennium Development, but only in year 2129; the extreme poverty in the World may be decreased 50 % only in year 2147; etc.^¹⁷ Therefore are doing many efforts to find supplementary financial sources. But scientific thought is oblige to find the ways to change this situation. and policy makers - to realize indispensable changing, because is impossible to fight successfully the criminality, corruption and prostitution if don’t fight poverty; it is impossible peaceful progress in whole the World if don’t fight poverty and change this gap; it is impossible to be the variable of the poverty and differentiation of the earnings the human rights and dignity of the job, which are the foundation of our World to the way of globalization.

Albania supported the objective of New Millennium again poverty and prepared a program for its decrease. The main necessary challenges to be mentioned are as follows.

1.Uncompromise war again crime and corruption. It is a fact that during the transition period crime and corruption increased rapidly in Albania as well as in all East European country and some time they are linking even to politics. This has effect not only to the fragile democracy, but even to the business environment and to put on the brakes of a sustainable economic development;

2.Sustained economic growth and open new job places. It is well-known that only economic growth has a substantial influence upon living and working condition, and is the main path to improve living standard in the country;

3.The volume of productive investment, including both foreign and domestic investment, must be increased. Sustained economic growth is impossible out new productive investment. Even though the economic situation in Albania isn’t good, it is a government obligation to find the sources of new investment. However, we think that the international community also has a priority obligation to help a country which has greater need because, in this way, it can make its contribution to expanding production, decreasing the level of unemployment and increasing the living standard of population and, at the same time, create a good environment in which to realize European integration. Despite Albania’s significant natural resources, it is the least developed country in the region, while foreign investment is small compared not only with needs, but even with possibilities. According to official data, foreign direct investment per capita in Albania is around 3 times less than in Bulgaria and over 5 times less than average of East European and Baltic countries. If refers to the European Community aid in Southern Easter Europe, results that the Albania had take during 1991-2003 half financial support of the Bosnje-Hercegovina, 2,5 times less than Kosova had take only during 1999-2003 and 3,8 times less than Serbia had take only during 2000-2003.^¹⁸ Unfortunately, after 1995 the total aid has tendency to fall in total and as a ratio to GDP. If in 2002/1999 the total commitments of foreign assistance for Albania were 43.6 percent less and the disbursements were about 18 percent less, the ratio of commitments to GDP decreased more than 2.5 times and the ratio of disbursements to GDP decreased more then 2 times.^¹⁹ As a result, according to official data, only 10 percent of the labour force working in legal entities is employed by foreign firms in Albania.^²⁰

This unlikely situation obligates the Albanian Government to review afresh the entire legal system, as well as its policies with regard to foreign investors. The objective being to create a better environment for foreign investment, beginning from the procedure of registrations until to a more advantageous taxation and customs regime for foreign investors, etc. We are thinking that the situation in labour market demands policies which stimulate investors to create new job opportunities, as many other East European countries.

4-Improve the economic and financial policies, which will create a good environment for businesses, to encourage new job opportunities and to expand production. Nothing can justify the following of such policies that bring the mass migration of peasants and especially their emigration, after which they are working the land of neighbouring countries and leaving uncultivated their own.

Within this framework of policy change, there are many problems, the main ones being:

property rights, especially for land. Legal and practical access to land should be expanded, property law should be enforced and a functioning land market established so that farm can attain more efficient shapes and sizes;
improvement in production through the more widespread use an appropriate technology. At the same time, it is necessary to support investment in low-cost technology that can assist communities to improve and conserve natural resources. It is also time to encourage exports based on manufacturing and on natural resources. All this implies the need to support Albanian produce with better marketing, product and quality information and so on;
investment for infrastructure must be found, especially in rural under-developed areas as well as in tourism to develop the country, open new job, increase the standard of living, create a good environment for foreign investors, etc.;
investment must also be made in human resources. Improving employment promotion and skills, ensuring basic labour productivity, reducing the risks of disability and increasing the number of working years in a lifetime are priorities and require broad access to quality basic health services and education. It is a fact that the indicators concerning the education and health status of the population of Albania as well as of other South Easter European countries remain unfavorable;
taxation and customs policy should be more attractive for developing businesses, especially small and medium enterprises. Credit policy must be changed and will be a function of the development of production and the opening of new jobs;
improve in social partnership. Although this is a new experience in Albania, it is necessary to involve more actively the social partners in the elaboration and implementation of economic, employment and social policies. At present, their level of activities in the areas of wage formation and regulation, social protection, working condition and other indicators of the living standard is still very low.
limitations on the informal or shadow economy and the bureaucracy machine, including restrictive legislative regulations and order, occupy very important place in changing the face of the country.

5. Government must promote implementations of branches strategies and compile and co-ordinate short-term, medium-term and long term economic and demographic strategies for development of Albania. This is necessary for the best improvement of the factors of production and the co-ordination of the development of the different sectors of the economy within the possibilities offered by the country, for successful ensure long term economic stability and, in the same time, sustainable increasing the living standard. Besides minerals as chromium, cupper, etc., Albania has favourable geographical and climatic conditions for the development of agriculture and the food industry, light industry and tourism. But, unfortunately, compared with other countries-our neighbours-we have to do so much more work. The aim of these strategies and all our policies must be to win back lost time and to increase the rhythms of development and the standard of living.

In the meaning of transformation the system, we thinking that transition period to market economy are to the end. It is time to think more for sustainable economic growth and increasing the living standard of the people. Albania has the human and material potential for a developed economy, but is necessary to strictly apply the laws and corruption and the informal sector duly fought. In the meantime, the economic and politic situation puts a question mark over the ability of the political parties to display tolerance towards one another and of the social partners to agree on social peace. Only via these means can the level of employment be increased and the living standard is grown up.

References:

1.The Albanian Response to the Millennium Development Goals, UN, Tirana 2002;.

2.Common Country Assessment Albania, UN, Tirana, June 2002;

3. Human Development Report Albania, UNDP, Tirana, December 2002;

4. Assistance Strategy of the World Bank for Albania(2003-2005), WB, Washington DC, May 2002;

5. Poverty in Albania, WB, Washington DC. 2002

6. The World Bank Annual Report, WB, Washington DC 2003;

7. Albania: From Isolation toward Reform, IMF, Washington DC, September 1992;

8. Report on the Status of Economic and Political Transformation in Albania (1998-2002), IMF, Tirana ‘03;

9. The Stabilization and Association Process for South East Europe, CEC, Brussels, March 2003;

10. A Global Program: Investing in Employment for Reduction and Local Economic Growth(2003-2007),

ILO, Geneva, February 2003;

11. World Employment Report 2002, ILO, Geneva 2003;

12. World Investment Report, New York and Geneva 2003;

13. Progress report 2003-on implementation of the National Strategy for Socio-Economic Development,

Council of Ministers, Tirana 2004;

14. Statistical Yearbook of Albania, INSTAT, Tirana 1991;

15. People and work in Albania, INSTAT, Tirana 2004;

16. Living conditions and inequality in Albania, INSTAT, Tirana 2004;

17. A profile of poverty and living standards in Albania, INSTAT, Tirana 2004;

18. Non-income dimension of poverty in Albania, INSTAT, Tirana 2004;

19. Results of the 2003 survey by INSTAT (LSMS), Tirana 2004;

20. Annual report 2000, Bank of Albania, Tirana 2001;

21. Annual report 2001, Bank of Albania, Tirana 2002;

22. Annual report 2003, Bank of Albania, Tirana 2004;

23. The Albanian Economy: Achievement and Challenges, the IV Conference of the Bank of Albania,

12-13 September 2003 in Saranda-Albania;

24. External Assistance to Albania, Ministry of Economy and Privatization, Tirana 2003;

25. J.D.Wolfensohn: “The Future of Global Development and Peace”, The Granoff Forum, University of

Pennsylvania-School of Arts and Sciences, March 27, 2003;

26. Prof.I.Telo: “Calculation the real income of population”, Tirana 2003;

27 Newspapers:

-“Le Monde”, Paris 2004;

-“Korrieri”, Tirana 2004;

-“Shekulli”, Tirana 2004;

-“Ekonomia”, Tirana 2004.

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Hana L.*

LIVING STANDART AND INEQUALITY IN ALBANIA

**Hana L.^{^*}**