Great Britain УGreat BritainФ has several
different names. Some people say УBritainФ, or Уthe United KingdomФ, or just УUKФ. There are four different countries in the United
Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Altogether more
than 56 million people live in Britain, many of them in big industrial cities
like London, Liverpool and Manchester, but people are often surprised by how
much of Britain is open country, with lonely hills and woods, quiet rivers,
lakes and farmlands. Many people think
that the weather is cold and wet in Britain all the year round. But it isnТt! True, it sometimes rains and even snows for days
and days, but every year there are weeks of beautiful sunny weather then the
British take off their sweaters and go out to sunbathe. Britain is only a
small country, but every part is different. Scotland is a land of mountains,
lakes and romantic castles. The winters are cold, with plenty of snow, but the
summers are often warm and sunny. Most farmers keep sheep, and theyТre many small factories, which make fine sweaters from
their wool. In some parts of Scotland, there are very few people. Deer live in
the hills, and the rivers are full of salmon. But Glasgow and Edinburgh are
both large and busy, with all that is good (and bad) in modern cities. Northern Ireland
has it problems, but it has beauty, too. In the warm, wet climate, the grass
grows a brilliant green, and much of the land is farming country. Belfast is a
large industrial city with many fine buildings and big port from which ships
come and go to Scotland and England. But Belfast has had many difficulty years,
and it is not the busy place it once was. A hundred years ago
the north of England was industrial heart of the country. From the factories
came cloth, wool, machines, engines and china. The old factories came have gone
now and the workers have to look for jobs in the new Уhigh-techФ industries.
Outside the towns, much of this part of England is beautiful countryside, with
green hills, lakes and sandy beaches. Fishing is still a big industry in the
North East, and every night (except Sunday) the fishing boats go out to sea. The centre of
England (the УMidlandsФ) is also an important industrial area, especially
near the huge cities of Coventry and Birmingham, the centre of the car
industry. But everyone, even in the heart of the modern city, there are
buildings from older Britain - cathedrals,
castles, and houses built hundred years ago. Wales is a special
place, a country of high mountains and pretty valleys. But Wales has plenty of
industry, too, with many factories and coal mines. The west of England
is rich farming country. It produces milk, cream, butter, cheese and apples,
which go to make cider, a popular drink. In the villages, country people often
grow their own fruit, vegetables and flowers. Some areas of
Britain are very crowded. Around Manchester, in north west England, and
Glasgow, in Scotland, are large city areas of houses and factories. The south
east of England, too, has many towns and cities, including London, the giant
capital. But quiet near London there are still some quiet villages and peaceful
farms. Britain is an
island, of course, and you are never far from the sea. Some of the coast,
especially in the west, is wild and rocky, with small, sandy beaches, and
romantic old harbours. Other parts are industrial. The East Coast of Scotland,
for example, is busy with oil rings and fishing boats. The most popular beaches
are near the many holiday towns on the south coast, where the weather is
usually warmer. It is here that Londoners come to relax. London London has been a
capital city for nearly a thousand years, and many of its ancient buildings still
stand. The most famous of these are the Tower of London (where the Crown Jewels
are kept), Westminster Abbey and St. Pals Cathedral, but most visitors also
want to see the House of Parliament, Buckingham Palace and the many magnificent
museums. Once, London was a
small Roman town on the north bank of the Thames, but slowly it grew into one
of the worldТs major cities with more than
seven million people. Fewer people live in the centre now, but the suburbs are
still growing. Places now in the
heart of London once stood in the middle of green fields. Many small villages,
like Hampstead, Chelsea and Mayfair, became part of London, but they still keep
some of their old atmosphere. Different areas of London seem like different
cities. The West End is a rich manТs world of shops,
offices and theatres. The old port area is now called УDocklandsФ. The great ships
have gone, and the area is changing very fast. There are huge new office
buildings, and thousands of new flats and houses. Other parts of
London are changing, too. Some of the poor areas have become fashionable, and
people with money are moving into them. A hundred years
ago, the river was crowded by ships, leaving for Java and Japan, New Zealand
and New York, but now people travel by air, and LondonТs main airport, Heathrow, is one of the busiest in the
world. Like all big
cities, London has streets and concrete buildings, but it also has many big
parks, full of trees, flowers and grass. Sit on the grass (youТre allowed to!) in the middle of Hyde Park or Kensington
Gardens, and you will think that youТre in the country,
miles away. Many people live
outside the centre of London in the suburbs, and they travel to work, in the
shops and offices by train, bus or underground. The trains are full - and expensive - and the roads are
crowded with cars, but every day a million people come from far out of London,
even from the coast, and spend up to four hours travelling every day. Most people work
from 9 am to 5 p.m. From 8 till 10 every morning, and 4.30 to 6.30 every
evening, the trains are crowded with people, and after the morning Уrush hourФ the shoppers come. By the day the
whole of London is busy. At night, the offices are quiet and empty, but the
West End stays alive, because this is where Londoners come to enjoy themselves.
There are two opera houses here, several concert halls and many theatres, as
well as cinemas, and in nearby Soho the pubs, restaurants and nightclubs are
busy half the night. Many people think
that London is all grey but in fact red id the LondonТs favourite colour. The buses are red, the letterboxes
are red and the mail vans are all bright, bright red. London is at its best
when people are celebrating. Then the flags, the soldiersТ uniforms the cheering crowds and the carriages and
horses all sparkle in the sunshine - if itТs not raining, of course! Travelling by train. Modern life is impossible without travelling. Of course the fastest way
of travelling is by plane. But many people make their choice on travelling by
train as with a train you have speed, comfort and pleasure combined. Travelling
by train is of course slower than by air but it also has its advantages. If you are going to travel by train youТd better book seats beforehand because many people are fond of
travelling by train. There are some reasons why people choose railroad. Train
is the cheap means of travelling. If it is summer outside it will be better to
think of your trip before the vocation starts. To understand how true this is,
you only have to go to a railway station. There you will see hundreds of people
hurrying to catch a train. YouТll waste a lot of
time standing near the booking-office trying to buy a ticket. Modern trains have very comfortable seats in all passenger cars, and
there are sleeping-cars and dining-cars which make even the longest journey
enjoyable. You can buy first-class, second-class and third-class sleepers in a
separate compartment. If you are early before the train starts you can leave
your suit-cases in the compartment and walk up and down the platform. Some
people forget when and from which platform and track their train will be off.
They can always ask for the track, platform and train numbers at the railroad
station information bureau and also get information about next trains and their
schedules. There are express, slow and long-distance trains. If you want to go
somewhere and get there as quickly as possible youТd better know that express trains only stop at the
largest stations while slow trains stop at all stations. You can get to far countries
only by a long-distance train. Once you are in your compartment you have to ask the guide to bring in
the bedding. There are usually two lower and two upper berths in a third-class
sleeper compartment. Some people like to occupy upper berths because it is more
convenient and exciting to travel. During your way on the train you can read
newspapers, books, look out of the window, drink the tea, communicate with your
neighbours or sleep. I prefer to look out of the window, because you can see
the country you are passing through, and not only the clouds as when you are
flying. You can have something to eat at the stations when the train makes
stops. Though we all seem to agree that the future belongs to air transport,
the railroads today still carry a lot of passengers and goods. Travelling by Air. Modern life is impossible without travelling. Of course the fastest way
of travelling is by plane. Many people prefer travelling by air as it is the
most convenient, comfortable and quickest means of travelling. Travelling by
plane has also its advantages and disadvantages. If you are going to travel by air youТd better buy
tickets beforehand because many people are fond of travelling by plane. There
are some reasons why people choose that means of travelling. If it is summer
outside it will be better to think of your trip before the vocation starts. To
understand how true this is, you only have to go to an airport. There you will
see hundreds of people hurrying to catch a plane. YouТll waste a lot of time standing near the booking
office trying to buy a ticket. Modern planes have very comfortable seats in all cabins, and there are
first class, business and economy class cabins. Inside the cabin the air is
always fresh and warm. Before the plane takes off the stewardess helps everyone
get comfortable in the seats and wishes them a pleasant trip. She also gives
all the information about the flight, the speed and the altitude. During the
flight you can have something to drink and to eat. You can read newspapers and
magazines or simply look out of the pothole. But you will sea nothing outside
but the clouds. You can buy first-class, second-class and third class. You must
be in time for your flight because you must have time to pass custom and
passport controls and check in. Before boarding the plane the passenger must
register at the airport. While registering he is required to have his luggage
weighed. If the luggage weighs more than 20 kilograms you have to pay
extra. Sometimes people forget the time
and the number of the flight. They can always ask for that at the airportТs information bureau and also get information about
next flights and their timetables. Sometimes passengers donТt feel as if they
are walking on good solid ground when on board the plane. They can get airsick
and then travelling by air becomes a real torture for them. Nowadays travelling by air is one of the dangerous means of travelling.
There are a lot of air crashes and many people die in them. And I think people
prefer safety to comfort on board a ship. Though we all seem to agree that the future belongs to air transport,
other means of travelling are still popular today. Holidays Holiday is a day set apart
for religious observance or for the commemoration of some extraordinary event
or distinguished person, or for some other public occasion. National holidays
are days set aside by official government proclamation to celebrate different
occasions. The U.S. has no
national holidays. Legal holidays - days on which
banks, schools, or other public institutions and most places of business are
closed. Memorial Day is a legal holiday,
observed annually on the last Monday in May in most of the United States, It
honours the nation's armed services killed in wartime. The holiday, originally
called Decoration Day, is traditionally marked by parades, memorial speeches
and ceremonies, and the decoration of graves with flowers and flags. Memorial
Day was first observed on May 30, 1868, on the order of General John Alexander
Logan for the purpose of decorating the graves of the American Civil War dead.
It was observed on May 30 until 1971, when most states changed to a newly
established federal schedule of holiday observance. Independence Day is an annual
holiday commemorating the formal adoption by the Continental Congress of the
Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia. Although the
signing of the Declaration was not completed until August, the Fourth of July
holiday has been accepted as the official anniversary of United States independence
and is celebrated in all states and territories of the U.S. The Fourth of July
is traditionally celebrated publicly with parades and pageants, patriotic
speeches, and organised firing of guns and cannons and displays of fireworks.
Family picnics and outings are a feature of private Fourth of July
celebrations. Thanksgiving Day, a legal holiday in
the U.S., was first celebrated in early colonial times in New England. The
actual origin is probably the harvest festivals that are traditional in many
parts of the world. After the first harvest was completed by the Plymouth
colonists in 1621, Governor William Bradford proclaimed a day of thanksgiving. In 1863 President
Abraham Lincoln appointed a day of thanksgiving, and since then each president
has issued a Thanksgiving Day proclamation, generally designating the fourth
Thursday of November as a holiday. New Year's Day is the first day of
the year, January 1 in the Gregorian calendar. In the Middle Ages most European
countries used the Julian calendar and observed New Year's Day on March 25,
called Annunciation Day and celebrated as the birth to the Son of God. With the
introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1582, Roman Catholic countries began
to celebrate New Year's Day on January 1. The custom of visiting
friends, relatives and neighbours on New YearТs Day is one of the Old World traditions that has taken on a new form in
the United States. A favourite place to see the old year out is New York CityТs Time Square. Christmas is an annual
festival, held on December 25, to celebrate the Nativity, or birth of Christ.
The Christmas tree, an evergreen trimmed with lights and other decorations, is
derived from the so-called paradise tree, symbolising Eden. Saint Valentine's
Day,
a holiday honouring lovers, is celebrated on February 14. There is a custom of
sending greeting cards or gifts to express affection. The cards, known as
valentines, are often designed with hearts to symbolise love. The holiday
probably derives from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalis (February 15). The
festival gradually became associated with the feast day (February 14) of two
Roman martyrs, both named St. Valentine, who lived in the 3rd century. St.
Valentine has traditionally been regarded as the patron saint of lovers. Washington Washington is the
capital city of the United States. It is located on the north bank of the
Potomac River. George Washington,
the first President of the USA, after whom the city was named, selected an area
for the capital. A hundred square miles were taken from states of Maryland and
Virginia. It was called the District of Columbia. The city is divided into four
sections: NW, NE, SW, and SE. Numbered streets run north and south: First
Street, Second StreetЕ Lettered streets such as A-street, B-street run east and
west. Bear in mind that every section has an independent street system. If youТre looking for Third Street, you need to know what
section of the city it is in. Washington is one
of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. It has little
industry, and only one million people. One reason Washington looks different
from other cities is that no building in the city may be more than 40 metres
tall. There are no skyscrapers, because they would hide the cityТs many monuments from view. One can easily find a
park, a square or an open area there. The most impressive and the best-known
ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument. The heart of
Washington is the Capitol, which is connected with the White House by
Pennsylvania Avenue. It dominates the city of Washington. All the tourists
begin sightseeing from the Capitol and see the Senate Chamber, the Hall of
Representatives, the Statuary Hall and some others. Thousands of
tourists visit Washington every day. People from all parts of the United States
come to see their capital and the monuments to those who in past centuries
struggled for the independence of their country. The Washington Monument, the
tallest stone structure in the USA, is in the Potomac River. It was opened to the
public in 1. It is feet tall, is called the УPencilФ because of its
shape. It is three blocks south of the White House. There is an elevator, which
will carry you to 500-foot level observation windows. The Lincoln Memorial is
in the west of the Washington Monument. It is designed like a Greek temple. The
dominant figure is the realistic figure of Abraham Lincoln seated in the centre
of the open temple. The Jefferson Memorial is worth seen, too. It is situated
south of the Washington monument near the Potomac River. The Library of
Congress contains millions of books and manuscripts. People are also interested
in churches and cathedrals. The Washington Cathedral is on Massachusetts
Avenue, and the Arlington National Cemetery is outside the city limits just
across the Potomac River near the Pentagon in Virginia. The famous Tomb of the
Unknown Soldier is visited by millions of people every year. Washington is the
place where mass demonstrations take place against unemployment and racism, for
democracy and civil rights. Human Rights Preface УMan and his rights and freedoms shall be supreme
valueФ, - says the Constitution of the Russian Federation. However actually
rights and freedoms can be treated variously. In any state, even totalitarian,
nobody will write in the Constitution that the rights and freedoms of the
person should be offended. But that is the legible legislation that should
guarantee keeping of the human rights. In Russia the basic human rights are
named in the Constitution, and their fullest disclosure is in the laws. According to the Russian Constitution rights and
freedoms are declared not only for the citizens of Russian Federation, but also
for the foreign subjects, and for the stateless persons. The exception
constitutes only rights connected with participating in government. These rights were not thought up in 1993, when the
Constitution was accepted. The idea of the natural law, which belongs to the
person from birth, appeared in 17 century. The development of the humanitarian
law was found in such documents as English and American Bill of Rights, the
French Manifest of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen, French
Constitutions of 1791 and 1795 and many other documents. However the greatest
influence on development of the human rights was rendered by the Overall
Declaration of Human Rights accepted on the session of the United Nations in
1948. Besides in the Soviet Union and the Russia signed some
more international treaties on the human rights, including Covenant on the
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Convention on Protection of the Rights of
the Child, European Convention on Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms, Agreements of OSCE, accepted in different time in Helsinki, Madrid,
Paris, Copenhagen, Vienna, Moscow. The Soviet Union tried not to participate in
signing the international legal acts on the Human Rights, but even if they had
been ratified, all the same they werenТt respect. Russia has joined many facts,
agreements and conventions before 1993, therefore in the Russian Constitution
the international standards of the human rights are expressed. In the second
chapter of the Russian Constitution called СHuman and civil rights and freedomsТ
the following statements established: Article 17 The Russian Federation human and civil rights and freedoms shall be
recognized and guaranteed according to the universally recognized principles
and norms of international law and this Constitution. Basic human rights and freedoms shall be inalienable and shall be
enjoyed from birth. The exercise of human and civil rights must not violate the rights and
the freedoms of other people. Article 18 Human and civil rights and freedoms shall have direct
force. They shall determine the meaning, content and the implementation of laws.
The functioning of legislative and executive authority and of local government,
and shall be guaranteed by law. The basic human rights The Constitution of the Russian Federation is
penetrated by the principle of equality and legal equality. It means, that all
people are equal before the law and court. The 19th Article says:Ф
The state guarantees the equality of rights and freedoms regardless of sex,
race, nationality, language, origin, material and official status, place of
residence, attitude to religion, convictions, membership in public associationsФ.
It is possible to separate the following bunches of human rights: private,
economic, social, cultural, ecological. The private rights are: The right to life. The right to human dignity, It means that С nobody
should be subjected to torture, violence or other severe or humiliating
treatment or punishmentТ. The right to freedom and personal inviolability. A
person may not be detained for more than 48 hours without a court order. The right to the inviolability of private life,
personal and family privacy and protection of honor and good name, the right to
privacy of correspondence, of telephone conversations and of postal, telegraph
and other communications. The right to the inviolability of the home. The right to determine and declare nationality. The right to use native language and to a free choice
of the language. The right to travel freely and to freely choice of the
place of temporary of the permanent residence. The right to freely live in Russian Federation and the
right to freely return. The right to freedom of conscience and religion. The freedom or thought and speech. The political rights and freedoms are: The freedom of mass media. The right to associate, including the right to
establish trade unions. The right to assemble peacefully without weapon. The right to participate in managing state affairs
both directly and through their representatives. The right to elect and be elected to state and local
government bodies and to participate in the referendum. The right to equal access to state service. The right to participate in justice. The right to appeal to state and local bodies. The main economic, social and culture rights are: The right to use freely abilities and property for
entrepreneurial and other economic activities. The right to of private property. And others. The Russian Constitution guarantees the rights and
freedoms by means of direct operation of the Constitution, adoption of the
federal laws, judicial and administrative protection. Despite all democratic provisions in the Russian
Constitution many of them havenТt acted yet. Therefore the following problems
are urgent for Russia:
the alternative
military service;
the capital
punishment;
the Judicial
problem;
the right on
worthy life
the problem of
land possessing. ThereТs still no property on the land. In conclusion Russia goes on a way of becoming lawful
state. In comparison with the former Soviet Union, in the Russia Federation
exists many new civil rights and freedoms. However, the actions of the
government are obviously not enough of the society of general welfare. My school. My school is very big and
not very old with its traditions. It is named after V.V. Mayakovski. On the
ground floor there are several classrooms of English for the Primary school and
workshops, a cloakroom and a canteen, a library and a headmaster office. There
are a lot of interesting books in the library. In the library there are many
portraits of famous Russian writers on the walls. Our school has two PT
classrooms. One of them is situated on the underground floor. This PT classroom
is smaller than another one, which situated between the ground and
undergroundfloor. This PT classroom is very useful for our students. And in our
canteen room we always buy very tasty cakes. The classrooms of the
first, second and the third form are on the first floor. But sometimes we spend
there some breaks. My favorite classroom is the Biology classroom and English.
Biology classroom is very beautiful, there are many flowers and animals there.
And in English classroom there are not many tables, because our class is
learned by three teachers. In our class there is a map of Great Britain. I like
English, because itТs a subject I am interesting in. I like to learn new words,
to dramatize texts and dialogues, discuss interesting things. There are 500 pupils in
our school. Some of them love our school but some of them thinks that it is a
load of their life. I thought this way some years ago, but now I understand that
all these ages I have spent in my school - the best ages in my life. School year begin, as a
rule, on the 1st of September and ends in May. It lasts 9 months:
from September till May. We have 4 holidays a year. The Summer holidays are
long. They last 3 months. The winter holidays are shorter, they lasts only two
weeks. During the holidays we donТt study, we have a rest. We go to school
every day except Sundays and Saturdays. On weekdays we work hard. On weekends
we have a rest, as a rule. All pupils of our school
learn some foreign languages. All pupils of our class learn English and German
or French ( on their mind). At the lessons we check
our hometasks. We ask and answer the questions, we read English texts and
translate sentences both from English into Russian and from Russian into
English. We describe pictures and speak on various topics. During the English
lesson we do many exercises, we speak, read and write English. Sometimes we
listen to the tapes. We donТt speak Russian in class. As I want to learn, to
speak and to read English, I must be attentive in class and I must always
prepare my homework. Each lesson lasts forty
minutes. During the breaks we just stand outside, talk, play and repeat our
homework. We havenТt got lunch. But some students eat in the canteen, but most
bring their own lunch. WE usually have a lot of homework and it takes us
several hours to do it. Sometimes we have to sit up to write a composition, to
prepare a report or to learn a poem by heart. I like my school, because
IТve got many friends there and I always remember: УEducation bring a child the
world.Ф Travelling. Millions of people all
over the world spend their holidays travelling. They travel to see other
continents and countries, modern cities and the ruins of ancient towns. They
travel to enjoy picturesque places or just for a change of scene. ItТs always
interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet different
people, to try to different food, to listen to different musical rhythms. Those who live in the
country like to go to the big city, visiting museums and art galleries, looking
at shop windows and dinning at exotic restaurants. City-dwellers usually like
acquired holiday by the sea or in the mountains, with nothing to do. Most
travelers and holiday makers take a camera with them and pictures of everything
that interests them - the sightsights of a city, old churches, castles, views
of mountains, lakes, lakes, waterfalls, forests, trees, flowers and plants,
animals and birds. Later, perhaps years later, they will be reminded by the
photos of the happy times they have had. People travel by boat, by train, by
plane or on foot. All means of travel have their advantages and disadvantages.
And people choose one according to their plans and destinations. If we are fond of
travelling we see and learn a lot of things that we can never see at home,
though we may read about them in books and newspapers, or on TV. Travelling by air is more
popular in our days than other ways of travelling. You can see many continents
and oceans, countries and rivers, cities and lakes. I enjoy to stay at a
hotel. It is more comfortable to stay there. You can enjoy being alone, to take
a hot shower, to sleep in warm bed and many other advantages. Some people enjoy
camping in tents. Of course, the weather must be good for that. There is
nothing worse than camping in rain. If you want to travel,
first, you must look through some advertisement. You can choose what hotel is
worth visiting and the place where your hotel situated. You can buy the
magazine named УTourismФ. You can find there all trips you want. There are many
photos of places which are recommend most of all. You can also find there
information about camping in tents. ItТs very interesting to spend the whole day
on the nature in the forest or near the lake. So you canТt go anywhere without
looking through some add. There are 2 viewpoints on
travel. Some people like to go on one place and spend their holidays there. The
place may be an interesting city, a picturesque willage or some other
attractive place. Others believe in seeing as much as possible in the time they
have. I think that our education
becomes richer when you travel, meet new people, because you can see new things
which you never seen in your life before. Bottom of Form 0 Sports and Olympic Games. A lot of people all over the world are interested in
sport. Sport helps people to stay in good shape, keeps them fit, healthy and
makes them more organized and better disciplined in there daily activities. We have always paid great attention to sport in our
schools, colleges and universities. You can hardly find a school without a gym
or a sport ground. Every city and town has a few stadiums or swimming pools
where local competitions are usually held. ItТs been a tradition in Russia to
divide sport into professional and amateur. There are different sporting
societies and clubs in Russia. Many of them take part in different tournaments
and are known all over the world. A great number of world records have been set
by Russian sportsmen: gymnasts, weightlifters, tennis players, swimmers, figure
skaters, runners, high jumpers. Our sportsmen also participate in the Olympic
games and always win a lot of gold, silver and bronze medals. The Olympic games has a very long history. They began
in BC in Greece and took place every four years for nearly twelve centuries
at Olympia. They included many different kinds of sports. All the cities in
Greece sent their best athletes to Olympia to compete in the Games. For the period
of the Games all the wars stopped. So the Olympic games became the symbol of
peace and friendship. Now, summer and winter Games are held separately.
There are always several cities wishing to host the Games. The most suitable is
selected by the international Committee. After that the city of the Games
starts preparations for the competitions, construct new sport facilities,
stadiums, hotels, press centers. Thousand of athletes, journalists and guests
come to the Games, and it takes great efforts to arrange everything. There is
always an interesting cultural programme of concerts, exhibitions, festivals,
etc., for each Games. Russia joined the Olympic movement in1952. In 1980
Moscow hosted the twenty-second Olympic Games. The latest Olympic Games were
held in Barcelona. Russian sportsmen got medals for their records in many sport
events. nimals need help. Earth is in danger. People have lived
on our planet for many years. They lived and live on different continents, in
different countries. People depend on their planet, on the sun, on animals and
plants around them. People must take care of Earth. Our ecology becomes worse
and worse with every new day. Many species of animals and birds are
disappearing nowadays. People destruct wildlife, cut down trees to make
furniture. They forget that people canТt live without trees and plants, because
they fill air with oxygen. And, of course, great problems are population and
animals destruction. The main reason of pollution is rubbish. Most of our
rubbish goes to big holes in the ground, called СdumpsТ. But dumps are very
dangerous for our life Сcause they are full of rats, which can carry infections
away from dumps. Another way to get rid of rubbish is to burn it. But the fires
make poisons, which go into the air and pollute it. But pollution isnТt the
only actual problem. Every day a big number of animals dissapeares. People kill
animals for different aims: e.g. people hunt whales for their meat and oil;
elephants for their tusks, crocodiles for their leather and so on. And also
animals are used for medical experiments. The most wide - speared from such
animals are monkeys. Modern life is bad for animals, birds, fish. The air isnТt
fresh and the water isnТt pure. They donТt have good meal and facilities for
the life. You can find their names in the Red Book. Of course, people
canТt stay indifferent to these problems. There are a lot of special
organizations, which try to save our nature. The most known are: The Royal
Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals (The RSPCA), the World
Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Greenpeace. The RSPCA tries to protect animals from bad
use. It operates big nation campaigns aimed at lost pets, circus animals. The
WWF rescued several species of animals, mammals as well as birds. These organization
also helped to create more than 250 National parks. Greenpeace began its work
20 years ago from saving whales. And now Greenpeace is a world-famous
organization, which saves plants, animals and people. These organization, want
to rescue animals, to help them to survive and to save jungle rain forests,
which are in danger of destruction. And they also help animals Сcause many of
them have already gone as they have nowhere to live. Their homes, the trees,
have disappeared. We must save wild animals. And we must find the right way to
save land, people and animals. We must lake care of nature, because we are part
of it. My plans for the
future. When you leave
school you understand that the time to choose your future profession has come.
ItТs not an easy task to make right choice of a job. You can start a working
career go into business or continue schooling to receive a higher education.
There is one institute or a few institutes is nearly every Russian city. There
are dozens of them in Moscow and St. Petersburg. If you want to get a
professional training you can enter a technical college. There are over 2
professions to choose and make a decision. It is a dilemma for
all family. Fathers usually wants their children to follow their footsteps. Mothers
donТt want their sons and daughters to leave the native town. So they persuade
kids to enter local colleges and universities. Because of the wide
difference in jobs, you should find out all you can about any job which
interests you. This can be done by going to the library and by reading widely,
and also by talking to adults who have different kinds of jobs. You also need
to think about how well you can do what you would like to do. Some follow their
parents advice and some follow their own choice. To make the right
choice you should consider your traits and characters. To become a good doctor
you must be patient, easygoing and kind/ The teacherТs work requires love for
children, profound knowledge of subjects and the ability to explain. DetectiveТs
job is very stressful. He must be brave, fair and strong. A couple of years
ago I wanted to become a doctor. I thought it was a very noble profession. I
was good at biology at the 8 and 9 forms. I wanted to help people who had
problems with their health. I know that a doctor should be noble in work and
life, kind and attentive to people, honest and prudent. A doctor who is selfish
and dishonest canТt be good at his profession. I tried to do my best to develop
good traits in myself. Now I have already
decided what to do. IТd like to be a teacher. I know that it is very difficult
to be a good teacher. You should know perfectly the subject you teach, you must
be well-educated and well-informed. A good teacher develops in his students a
desire for knowledge and love for truth and beauty. Teaching must be the
greatest of all the arts. It is a great responsibility to educate the children.
I think thatТs the reason why teachers are deeply respected. More and more
people realize that every educated person should know a foreign language. That
is why IТm going to become an English teacher. I liked English when we first
started learning it is still my favourite subject. I will try to enter the
department of foreign languages at the University. You study 5 years
at Russian universities. After your final exams you are a qualified teacher of
English. University education is deep and many-sided. Some students like a
post-graduate course to follow an academic career. Most university graduates
take up teaching and return to school. I know that a teacherТs job is quite
difficult. A teacher canТt say that he knows everything in his field. He goes
on learning his subject during all his career to be able to answer any
question. He should be an example of competence. So choosing a
career and getting a job are two of the most important things, any person does
in his lifetime. If we donТt think about the future, we wonТt have one. My plans for the
future. When millions of
young people leave school, they begin an independent life. Some of them start
working, go into business, some of them continue schooling to receive a higher
education. Young people can
learn about professions in magazines and advertisements. Magazines for
teenagers often offer questionnaires, quizzes or surreys to help young people
to find out what their interests and abilities are more clearly and to make a
decision concerning their future occupation. While choosing a
career you should take into consideration main demands that you want your
future profession to meet: the profession must be interesting, you have to be
sure of your future (that means that you will be able to find a job after
graduation from the university), a profession must be well-paid, otherwise you
wonТt be able to support yourself and your future family. During our school
life we begin to think about our future life, our job. There over 2
professions in the world, so it is quite difficult to choose and to make a decision.
Some follow their own choice and some follow their relationТs, teacherТs,
parentТs advice, because they can guide them and help to make a decision
concerning future plans. I have never had a question, what I am going to do
when I graduate from my school. I have known from childhood that I want to be a
linguist. I have chosen this profession, because a knowledge of foreign
languages and foreign cultures is growing in importance nowadays. Foreign
languages are needed as the main and the most efficient mean of information
exchange between the people of our planet. Although there are 3 languages,
English is the most universal. It is the language of progressive science and
technology, trade and cultural relations, and business. It is the universal language
of international aviation, shipping, sports, medicine. English is the official
language in nearly forty countries. It is spoken by more than 350 millions
people and also spoken as a second language in many parts of India and Africa.
Besides, millions of people study English as a foreign language. In our
country English is very popular. It is studied at schools, colleges and
universities. It is important for
me to learn English because I want to know what is going on round me in the
world. With recent advances in technology, the world is changing rapidly in
many fields, such as business, arts and medicine. These changes will affect me
soon and its important for me to read and keep up with these changes. In fact,
learning English is the answer to a lot of the things that I need and want. And
I canТt help mentioning the quotation: УEvery man is the maker of his own
fortune.Ф In conclusion I
would like to say it is an advantage to choose our future career while at
school. It gives us a goal to work towards and enables us to choose a right,
suitable course of study. IТd like to mention also that if we donТt think about
our future, nobody will think for us, so we just canТt have one. We must work
hard to archive out ambitions and to realize our wishes, because future is
purchased by the present. The United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland. The official name
of GB is the United Kingdom of GB and Northern Ireland. It occupies the
territory of the British Isles. The BI lie to the north-west of Europe and
consists of two main islands: GB and Ireland. Their total area is over 244.
square km. The British Isles are separated from the continent by the North Sea,
the English Channel and the strait of Dover which is 18 miles wide. The western
coast of GB is washed by the Atlantic ocean and the Irish Sea. GB is one of the
worldТs smaller countries. Its population is over 57 millions. Four out of
every five people are urban. But in spite of all the territory of GB is small,
the country has a wide variety of scenery. GB is made of tree countries:
England, Scotland and Wales. Everyone in Britain speaks English, but in some
parts of Scotland and Wales people speak different languages as well. GB with NI
forms the UK of GB and NI. The capital of the UK is London, in England. England
is the largest of three countries which make up GB. The north and the West of
England are mountainous, but the rest of the territory is a vast plain. The
Lake District in Northern England with its lakes, mountains and valleys is
favorite holiday resort. The national symbol of England is a red rose. The
capital of England is London. Its economic, political and cultural centre. It
is one of the largest cities in the world and one of the worldТs most important
ports. It is situated upon both banks of the river Thames. But while the Thames
is the deepest and the most important one, the Severn is the largest river. Wales is the
smallest land of the UK, but it is noted for its picturesque mountains with the
highest peaks of GB rivers, waterfalls and lakes. Cardiff is the capital and
the largest city in Wales and its also an important industrial centre and port.
The national symbol of Wales is a leek or a daffodil. Scotland is a land
which is known for its beauty. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is
called the Highlands. This is the region of mountains and rivers, small towns
and villages. The highest of mountains is Ben Nevis. The best known between the
lakes is Loch Ness where as some people think a large monster lives. The
capital of Scotland is Edinburg and the great industrial centre is Glasgow. The
national symbol of Scotland is a thistle. GBТs largest island
neighbor is Ireland. This is mainly occupied by the independent Republic of
Ireland. Many small islands are also linked with the UK. Most of the land is
hilly, though the mountains are not very high. The capital of NI is Belfast.
The national symbol of Ireland is a shamrock. The mountains, the
Atlantic ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of
the British isles. The summers are usually cool and rainy. And there is much
rain and fog in autumn and in winter. ThatТs why GB is a very damp country. The flag of the UK
is known as the Union Jack. It is made up of 3 crosses: the cross of St. Jorge,
St. Andrew and St. Patrick. Nowadays the UK is
a highly developed industrial power. It is one of the most powerful countries
in Europe. Начался VI Кубок России по поиску в интернете The school system
in Great Britain. Education in
Britain is compulsory and free for all children between the ages of 5-16. Nine
tenths of all children are educated in state schools. All books and equipment
are provided free. Uniform is worn in many schools but this is mow quite
flexible. Students never repeat a year in British system, but they may be sent
to a vocation school or section. Primary school.
Schoolchildren attend a primary school for 6 years (from 5 to 11 years). They
study general subjects and special help is given to children with handicaps and
learning difficulties. The division between primary and secondary education is
at the age of 11 when almost all children in the state system change schools. Secondary school.
When students transfer to Secondary school at the age of 11, they donТt take
any examination, but their reports are sent on from Primary school. Most children -
over 80 % - go to a comprehensive school. УComprehensiveФ means all-inclusive.
They admit pupils of all abilities. But there are also grammar schools and
secondary modern schools. The pupils have to pass an exam to go there; so
admission depends on the result of the selective exams and the pupils
abilities. All types of
secondary school have the five year courses for pupils from 11 years up to the
school leaving age. Pupils in all State
schools in England and Wales study 10 main subjects: English, Mathematics,
Science. Foundation subjects: History, Geography, A Modern language, Art,
Music, Information Technology, Physical education, Religious education is also
taught. Attainment tests
are given at the ages of 7, 11, 14, 16. At the end of a 5-year course, at the
age of 16, students sit the General Certificate of Secondary Education exams in
as many subjects as possible. Weak students may only sit for free or four
subjects. Better students take ten Subjects. At the age of 16
about two third of these pupils leave school and get jobs or apprenticeships.
About one-third stay at school until the age of 18 preparing themselves for
higher education. The 6th form. More
ambitious pupils continue to study in the 6th form. They stay on at school for
one or two years to prepare themselves for university. They have only three or
four main subjects which are necessary to pass the advanced level exams at the
age of 18. In addition to the foundation subjects the 6th formers are offered
many other courses at Advanced Level such as classical Civilization, Further
Mathematics, Information Technology, History of Art, Social Biology and many
others. The school year is
divided into three terms with the intervals between them during the Christmas
and Easter holidays lasting about two weeks each and the summer holiday which
begins rather late and is usually six weeks long. All kinds of
out-of-class activities are part of school life in Britain. Students have a lot
of opportunities for playing sports, attending different clubs and singing in
choir. Most schools have very good libraries which students use for reference
work. УThere is no
frigate like a book.Ф An English author
once wrote: УSome books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed or digested.Ф
This quotation tells us how to read books of different kinds. Most travel books
are to be tasted. ItТs enough to dip into them and read bits here, bits there.
If you are fond of crime stories you will read them quickly, youТll СswallowТ
them and then there are books that youТll read slowly and carefully. If a book
is on important subject and a subject you are interested in you will want to
chew it and digest it. And youТll want to weight what the author says and
consider his ideas and arguments. The rise of
television has been coupled with the death of books. Some people ask what can
be done to rescued them. But I think that books donТt need to be rescued. A
book is one of the greatest wonders in the world. It gives us a unique chance
to link up with authors who lived hundreds and thousands of years ago. I thank
books, because if there were no books, we couldnТt talk to people who lived in
different years and countries. Through reading books we hear their voices,
thoughts and feelings. Books are the surest way to bring nations together. They
give us an insight not only into the past but also into the future. I think
that book is a faithful and undemanding friend for all of us: it can be put
aside and taken up again at any moment. I have recently
read a book which has made a very deep impression on me. It is called УGone
with the WindФ and it makes really unforgettable reading. The author of the
book is Margaret Mitchell. УGone with the WindФ published in 1936, became an
immediate bestseller and won the Pulitzer Prize. A film version of the novel
was made in 1939. Margaret Mitchell
and all her family was interesting in American history, and she grew up in an
atmosphere of stories about the Civil War. In 1925 she got
married. In the following ten years she put on paper all stories she had heard
about the Civil War. And this way was born УGone with the WindФ. The story is set
around the time of the America Civil War, when the Southern States went to war
with the North to defend their way of life. It was the way of life in which
rich gentry lived in large houses, cultivated by black slaves. Scarlet OТHara
was born into one of these rich houses. When this way of life was destroyed she
use all her beauty to build a new life. УArt washes away
from the soul all the dust of everyday lifeФ.-Pablo Picasso. I agree with this
quotation, because art is really a fantastic thing, and it can influence our
minds and our behavior. This quotation is
tightly connected with literature. While reading any book, it appeals to us.
Books impress you so much that you are taken to another world. You start to look
at the world through rose colors. And when you read
something interesting you become emotional and you think only about that book.
So you forget about life with problems it has. When you read a book you become
another person.
Темы по англ.яз. 9 класс
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